A Review on Light Shafts Rendering for Indoor Scenes

Rendering light shafts is one of the important topics in computer gaming and interactive applications. The methods and models that are used to generate light shafts play crucial role to make a scene more realistic in computer graphics. This article discusses the image-based shadows and geometric-based shadows that contribute in generating volumetric shadows and light shafts, depending on ray tracing, radiosity, and ray marching technique. The main aim of this study is to provide researchers with background on a progress of light scattering methods so as to make it available for them to determine the technique best suited to their goals. It is also hoped that our classification helps researchers find solutions to the shortcomings of each method

Development of porous emitter electrospray thruster using advanced manufacturing processes

A UK-Austrian consortium led by AVS UK in collaboration with the University of Southampton (UoS) and RHP Technology is developing a low power porous electrospray propulsion system. Using as a baseline a thruster previously developed at UoS, the updated system design focuses on achieving higher thrust using processes suitable for high volume production. This is to meet the rapidly growing micro/nanosatellite market demand. Relying on more than 10 years of expertise in electrospray propulsion, UoS is leading the experimental test campaign and is assisting with thruster design. RHP Technology are creating the high-precision, high-volume manufacturing processes for the emitter arrays and the porous reservoir. AVS UK is designing the propulsion unit and associated High Voltage Power Processing Unit (HV-PPU) while also leading commercial exploitation. The two-year project is centred on three main goals. The first is to develop a thruster with improved performance metrics that better suit the newrequirements of the micro/nanosatellite market. The second is to design an updated HV-PPU adapted to operate alongside the improved thruster. The thirdis to move away from the use of CNC machining in favour of sintering techniques for the manufacturing of the emitters. This paper describes the steps taken to achieve these goals with a particular emphasis on the emitter manufacturing and testing. Our initial single emitter tests demonstrate promising performance. A new single emitter demonstrated reasonably high emission current after onset, with maximum values of around 35 μA at ± 3500 V reached. Assuming a 50 % monomer-dimer mix, the estimated thrust and specific impulse area pproximately ~3.50 μN and ~4600 s

Recent studies of docking and molecular dynamics simulation for liquid‐phase enantioseparations

Liquid‐phase enantioseparations have been fruitfully applied in several fields of science. Various applications along with technical and theoretical advancements contributed to increase significantly the knowledge in this area. Nowadays, chromatographic techniques, in particular HPLC on chiral stationary phase, are considered as mature technologies. In the last thirty years, CE has been also recognized as one of the most versatile technique for analytical scale separation of enantiomers. Despite the huge number of papers published in these fields, understanding mechanistic details of the stereoselective interaction between selector and selectand is still an open issue, in particular for high‐molecular weight chiral selectors like polysaccharide derivatives. With the ever growing improvement of computer facilities, hardware and software, computational techniques have become a basic tool in enantioseparation science. In this field, molecular docking and dynamics simulations proved to be extremely adaptable to model and visualize at molecular level the spatial proximity of interacting molecules in order to predict retention, selectivity, enantiomer elution order, and profile noncovalent interactions patterns underlying the recognition process. On this basis, topics and trends in using docking and molecular dynamics as theoretical complement of experimental LC and CE chiral separations are described herein. The basic concepts of these computational strategies and seminal studies performed over time are presented, with a specific focus on literature published between 2015 and November 2018. A systematic compilation of all published literature has not been attempted