Nivel de ahorros bajo diversos grados de sofisticación

We consider saving decisions in an economy where agents are characterized by heterogeneous levels of sophistication. In our simple setting, we are able to make a distinction between aspects of fundamental sophistication and strategic sophistication. The equilibrium of this economy is inefficient as sophisticated households do not offset the distortions that result from information and behavior of naive households. We show instances in which increments in the ability of sophisticated households to perceive more precise information results in less efficient outcomes. Additionally, we identify simple policy interventions that would increase welfare levels. Key Words: saving decisions, heterogeneity, sophistication.Se estudia una economía en que agentes dotados de diverso grado de sofisticación deciden el nivel de ahorros. En el simple marco de análisis propuesto, es posible hacer una distinción entre sofisticación estructural y sofisticación estratégica. El equilibrio de esta economía es ineficiente debido a que el accionar de los hogares con alto nivel de sofisticación no logra corregir las distorsiones que resultan de las creencias y el comportamiento asociado los hogares menos sofisticados. Se muestran ejemplos en los que incrementos en la capacidad de los hogares sofisticados para percibir información más precisa resulta en asignaciones menos eficientes. Se identifican intervenciones de política simples que resultan en mayores niveles de bienestar. Palabras Clave: decisiones de ahorro, heterogeneidad, sofisticación.&nbsp

Magnetic dipolar ordering and relaxation in the high-spin molecular cluster compound Mn6

Few examples of magnetic systems displaying a transition to pure dipolar magnetic order are known to date, and single-molecule magnets can provide an interesting example. The molecular cluster spins and thus their dipolar interaction energy can be quite high, leading to reasonably accessible ordering temperatures, provided the crystal field anisotropy is sufficiently small. This condition can be met for molecular clusters of sufficiently high symmetry, as for the Mn6 compound studied here. Magnetic specific heat and susceptibility experiments show a transition to ferromagnetic dipolar order at T_{c} = 0.16 K. Classical Monte-Carlo calculations indeed predict ferromagnetic ordering and account for the correct value of T_{c}. In high magnetic fields we detected the contribution of the ^{55}Mn nuclei to the specific heat, and the characteristic timescale of nuclear relaxation. This was compared with results obtained directly from pulse-NMR experiments. The data are in good mutual agreement and can be well described by the theory for magnetic relaxation in highly polarized paramagnetic crystals and for dynamic nuclear polarization, which we extensively review. The experiments provide an interesting comparison with the recently investigated nuclear spin dynamics in the anisotropic single molecule magnet Mn12-ac.Comment: 19 pages, 11 eps figures. Contains extensive discussions on dipolar ordering, specific heat and nuclear relaxation in molecular magnet

Acuerdo de asociación económica, concertación política y cooperación entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y la Unión Europea: análisis de los antecedentes, intereses y dimensión estratégica

Tesis (Licenciatura en Diplomacia y Relaciones Internacionales)--Universidad Americana, Managua, 2005Este trabajo pretende ofrecer argumentos que permitan apreciar mejor el verdadero alcance del compromiso adquirido en 1997, y desde ese punto de partida que este acuerdo representa un primer e importante precedente histórico puesto que aporta parte significativa en el estudio de las teorías tradicionales como de las tendencias actuales de interegionalización

Models of Supply Function Equilibrium with Applications to the Electricity Industry

Electricity market design requires tools that result in a better understanding of incentives of generators and consumers. Chapter 1 and 2 provide tools and applications of these tools to analyze incentive problems in electricity markets. In chapter 1, models of supply function equilibrium (SFE) with asymmetric bidders are studied. I prove the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium in an asymmetric SFE model. In addition, I propose a simple algorithm to calculate numerically the unique equilibrium. As an application, a model of investment decisions is considered that uses the asymmetric SFE as an input. In this model, firms can invest in different technologies, each characterized by distinct variable and fixed costs. In chapter 2, option contracts are introduced to a supply function equilibrium (SFE) model. The uniqueness of the equilibrium in the spot market is established. Comparative statics results on the effect of option contracts on the equilibrium price are presented. A multi-stage game where option contracts are traded before the spot market stage is considered. When contracts are optimally procured by a central authority, the selected profile of option contracts is such that the spot market price equals marginal cost for any load level resulting in a significant reduction in cost. If load serving entities (LSEs) are price takers, in equilibrium, there is no trade of option contracts. Even when LSEs have market power, the central authority's solution cannot be implemented in equilibrium. In chapter 3, we consider a game in which a buyer must repeatedly procure an input from a set of firms. In our model, the buyer is able to sign long term contracts that establish the likelihood with which the next period contract is awarded to an entrant or the incumbent. We find that the buyer finds it optimal to favor the incumbent, this generates more intense competition between suppliers. In a two period model we are able to completely characterize the optimal mechanism

Diseño de un sistema lector de capilares sanguíneos para determinar hematocrito usando visión artificial, 2023

El análisis de hematocrito es un procedimiento que habitualmente se realiza en el laboratorio clínico el cual nos puede brindar información relevante sobre la salud del paciente, en la presente investigación de tipo aplicada con diseño experimental se tuvo como objetivo diseñar un software capaz de determinar el valor de hematocrito por medio de análisis de imágenes digitales, esto a través de métodos algorítmicos de visión artificial para su desarrollo y estadísticos para determinar su desempeño, para esto se procesaron 330 muestras de sangre centrifugadas en capilares, teniendo como grupo control a los valores de hematocrito hallados por un especialista de laboratorio, del análisis se tuvo como resultado una correlación de Pearson de 0.9 entre los valores obtenidos por el software y los del especialista con un p-value < 2.2e-16, lo que determina que el software se desenvuelve de forma similar que el especialista de laboratorio al hallar el valor de hematocrito, además, el software logró procesar 6 veces más muestras por minuto que el especialista, en consecuencia se construyó un software capaz de determinar hematocrito

Diseño de un sistema lector de capilares sanguíneos para determinar hematocrito usando visión artificial, 2023

El análisis de hematocrito es un procedimiento que habitualmente se realiza en el laboratorio clínico el cual nos puede brindar información relevante sobre la salud del paciente, en la presente investigación de tipo aplicada con diseño experimental se tuvo como objetivo diseñar un software capaz de determinar el valor de hematocrito por medio de análisis de imágenes digitales, esto a través de métodos algorítmicos de visión artificial para su desarrollo y estadísticos para determinar su desempeño, para esto se procesaron 330 muestras de sangre centrifugadas en capilares, teniendo como grupo control a los valores de hematocrito hallados por un especialista de laboratorio, del análisis se tuvo como resultado una correlación de Pearson de 0.9 entre los valores obtenidos por el software y los del especialista con un p-value < 2.2e-16, lo que determina que el software se desenvuelve de forma similar que el especialista de laboratorio al hallar el valor de hematocrito, además, el software logró procesar 6 veces más muestras por minuto que el especialista, en consecuencia se construyó un software capaz de determinar hematocrito

Poly[di-μ-glycinato-copper(II)]: a two-dimensional coordination polymer

The title coordination polymer, [Cu(C2H4NO2)2]n, is two-dimensional and consists of a distorted octa­hedral copper coordination polyhedron with two bidentate glycine ligands chelating the metal through the O and N atoms in a trans-square-planar configuration. The two axial coordination sites are occupied by carbonyl O atoms of neighbouring glycine mol­ecules. The Cu—O distances for the axial O atoms [2.648 (2) and 2.837 (2) Å] are considerably longer than both the Cu—O [1.9475 (17) and 1.9483 (18) Å] and Cu—N [1.988 (2) and 1.948 (2) Å] distances in the equatorial plane, which indicates a strong Jahn–Teller effect. In the crystal, the two-dimensional networks are arranged parallel to (001) and are linked via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional arrangement

New discrete and polymeric supramolecular architectures derived from dinuclear Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of aryl-linked bis-beta-diketonato ligands and nitrogen bases: synthetic, structural and high pressure studies

New examples of nitrogen base adducts of dinuclear Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of the doubly deprotonated forms of 1,3-aryl linked bis-β-diketones of type [RC([double bond, length as m-dash]O)CH2C([double bond, length as m-dash]O)C6H4C([double bond, length as m-dash]O)CH2C([double bond, length as m-dash]O)R] (L1H2) incorporating the mono- and difunctional amine bases pyridine (Py), 4-ethylpyridine (EtPy), piperidine (pipi), 1,4-piperazine (pip), N-methylmorpholine (mmorph), 1,4-dimethylpiperazine (dmpip) and N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (tmen) have been synthesised by reaction of the previously reported [Cu2(L1)2]·2.5THF (R = Me), [Cu2(L1)2(THF)2] (R = t-Bu), [Ni2(L1)2(Py)4] (R = t-Bu) and [Co2(L1)2(Py)4] (R = t-Bu) complexes with individual bases of the above type. Comparative X-ray structural studies involving all ten base adduct derivatives have been obtained and reveal a range of interesting discrete and polymeric molecular architectures. The respective products have the following stoichiometries: [Cu2(L1)2(Py)2]·Py (R = Me), [Cu2(L1)2(EtPy)2]·2EtPy (R = t-Bu), [Cu2(L1)2(pipi)2]·2pipi (R = t-Bu), [Cu2(L1)2(mmorph)2] (R = t-Bu), [Cu2(L1)2(tmen)2] (R = t-Bu) and {[Cu2(L1)2(pip)]·pip·2THF}n, [Co2(L1)2(tmen)2] (R = t-Bu), [Ni2(L1)2(Py)4]·dmpip (R = t-Bu), [Ni2(L1)2(pipi)4]·pipi (R = t-Bu) and [Ni2(L1)2(tmen)2] (R = t-Bu). The effect of pressure on the X-ray structure of [Cu2(L1)2(mmorph)2] has been investigated. An increase in pressure from ambient to 9.1 kbar resulted in modest changes to the unit cell parameters as well as a corresponding decrease of 6.7 percent in the unit cell volume. While a small ‘shearing’ motion occurs between adjacent molecular units throughout the lattice, no existing bonds are broken or new bonds formed

[μ-10,21-Dimethyl-3,6,14,17-tetra­aza­tricyclo­[17.3.1.18,12]tetra­cosa-1(23),8(24),9,11,19,21-hexa­ene-23,24-diolato-κ8 N 3,N 6,O 23,O 24:N 14,N 17,O 23,O 24]bis­[(nitrato-κ2 O,O′)nickel(II)]

In the title centrosymmetric dinuclear nickel complex, [Ni2(C22H30N4O2)(NO3)2], each of the two NiII atoms has a distorted octa­hedral geometry, defined by two N atoms and two O atoms from the macrocyclic ligand and two O atoms from a chelating nitrate anion. The two Ni atoms are bridged by two phenolate O atoms, forming a four-membered Ni2O2 ring