Revising Concepts on Liquid–Liquid Extraction: Data Treatment and Data Reliability

[Abstract] The intention of this article is to clarify some concepts and relevant aspects of the experimental determination and treatment of liquid–liquid equilibrium data for ternary systems. Distinction is made between solubility curve and binodal curve, setting the stability limit which is defined by the spinodal curve. In addition, it is recommended to carry out the equilibrium data correlation using semiempirical models with a thermodynamic base, over the use of empirical equations. Moreover, the misuse of these empirical equations (Hand, Bachman, Othmer-Tobias, etc.) as proof of data quality or consistency is clarified.Xunta de Galicia; ED431B 2020/2

Diseño y cálculo de una matriz progresiva para realizar una garra pasacables por estampación en frío

Se trata de realizar el diseño y cálculo de una matriz progresiva de 9 estaciones o pasos con el fin de obtener una garra metálica pasa cables. El plano de la pieza viene definido por el cliente, lo que nos definirá que tipo de chapa metálica debemos utilizar. Al igual que la cantidad de piezas a fabricar anualmente según necesidades previstas del cliente. Este punto es muy importante en lo que a la decisión de realizar la matriz se refiere, ya que ello nos define la amortización de la matriz o herramienta a fabricar. Antes de la decisión de realizar dicha pieza mediante estampación en frió vía una matriz progresiva, se han estudiado las diferentes opciones existentes en el mercado. El proyecto consta de una memoria descriptiva, un pliego de condiciones, unos planos y un presupuesto. El diseño de la matriz se ha realizado utilizando Autocad como software de diseño. Se ha realizado en 3D a fin de favorecer la visibilidad y expresividad grafica de los diferentes componentes. Se describirá todo el proceso productivo de los diferentes elementos constituyentes de la matriz al igual que materiales utilizados.La principal motivación para la realización de este proyecto es analizar las opciones de fabricación teniendo en cuento las actuales variables económicas y técnicas, las cuales se usan en diferentes sectores industriales como el de la automoción, informática, electrodoméstico y otros varios. A fin de poder diseñar una herramienta de fabricación la cual cumpla las necesidades del cliente en cuanto a calidad, durabilidad y coste

Peasant enterprise and processes of monetisation in highland Peru: the case of pucara

The main theme of the thesis can be summarised as an attempt to explore some classical theoretical statementsabout the so-called 'progressive' character of commercial activities in the Highlands of Peru, and on the other hand,to examine certain methodological issues arising from earlier investigations in the area (see Arguedas, 1957; AlersMontalvo,1967; Adams, 1959; Long and Roberts, 1974, and 1978). In order to explore these two dimensions, the analysis concentrates upon determining the functions of small-scale commercial activities in a rural context, relating them to the existing agrarian structure, patterns of income distribution, consumption and diversification of economic activities at community level, and more systematically to processes of distribution and exchange at regional and national levels. The study focuses upon the role of rural, non-agricultural activities, a persisting feature of the Peruvian economy, which has provided the basis for the development of small-scale, economically dynamic entreprise that has, on the one hand impeded proletarianisation in the rural sector, and yeton the other, increased socio-economic differentiation. To understand this apparently contradictory dynamic, the nature of subordinated groups within the structure of underdevelopment is examined. It is argued that one must not consider such groups merely as a target for manipulation by capitalist interests, which has been the tendency of some writers from both the modernisation and dependency schools. Indeed, these subordinated groups (consisting in the rural sector of small-scale agriculturalists and traders etc.) have throughout much of the history of Peru has been placed outside the principal lines of development strategy adopted by the State and external interests. A sounder interpretation rests, I believe, upon a systematic analysis of the economic and social functions of small-scale enterprise, which, given the weakness of Peruvian capitalism, assumes a complementary dynamic which in certain important ways counterbalances the penetration of the capitalist mode of production The co-existence and inter-penetration of various capitalist and non-capitalist relations in Peruvian society gives a 'flexibility' to social and economic processes: it is this flexibility that is studied in depth through the analysis of small-scale commercial activities. The argument is developed using detailed field data concerning the village of Pucara in the Mantaro region, concentrating on the importance of cash income for the functioning of the household economy, the role of non-agricultural occupations, and the part played by kinship and interpersonal networks in the process of social reproduction of the household unit

Design and performance analysis of a formulation based on SDBS and ionic liquid for EOR in carbonate reservoirs

A large proportion of extant crude oil is found in carbonate reservoirs worldwide. Alkylbenzene sulfonates are inexpensive anionic surfactants but they cannot be used in these reservoirs due to their incompatibility with divalent ions and high adsorption on the rocks. This paper proposes the solution to that problem by blending this kind of surfactant with surface-active ionic liquids. Namely, a formulation containing sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) and cocosalkylpentaethoximethylammonium methylsulfate ([C1EG][MeSO4]) was designed for the application. Two optimal blends, at 40/60 and 73.7/26.3 SDBS/[C1EG][MeSO4] ratios, were found in synthetic seawater via equilibria and interfacial tension (IFT) studies. Core-flooding tests were carried out to check the performance of both blends. The first blend ratio (40 wt% SDBS) was selected to define an optimal formulation (1 wt% blend in synthetic seawater at 298.15 K) due to its better injectability, higher reduction of the IFT, lower adsorption, and better oil recovery. Attained tertiary oil recovery (18% of the original oil in place), with low blend adsorption (0.37 mgblend/grock), shows the promising performance of the solution. The main mechanism associated with improved oil recovery is IFT reduction. This work offers a significant advance in the application of natural petroleum sulfonates in carbonate reservoirsThe authors acknowledge the Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency for financial support throughout project PGC2018-097342-B-I00, including European Regional Development Fund). A. Somoza also acknowledges predoctoral financial support (grant ref. PRE2019-089101). We would also like to thank SNF Floerger for supplying polymer samples, Repsol (A Coruña) for providing the crude oil used for the experiments, and L. Membrado (Separation and Detection Group, Instituto Carboquímico de Zaragoza) for the realization of the SARA analysis of the crude oilS

Bruxas e plantas: alianças, rituais e rebelião biopolítica?

This article explores the significance of interactions between people and plants in understanding contemporary territorial socio-material experiences. By experimenting with a post-cognitive and actor-oriented approach, we acknowledge the processes of self-organization and semi-autonomous territorial existences. Through an extended ethnographic case study, we uncover the alliance between women and medicinal plants in South Brazil. The processes of individualization, singularization, and entanglement of socio-material practices enable the study of the Witches of God and their home apothecaries. The preparation, use, and distribution of remedies contribute to the reterritorialization of healthcare. Consequently, we suggest that certain rural areas in Brazil give rise to liminal spaces characterized by biopolitical rebellion, which challenge the privatization of life. The collapse of boundaries between biological, political, and non-political aspects in territorial life, along with the resulting disruptive embodiments, reveal new transindividual configurations that extend beyond the confines of the family sphere.O artigo mostra como as interações entre pessoas e plantas são conexões importantes para entender as experiências sociomateriais contemporâneas. Experimentando com uma abordagem pós-cognitiva e orientada aos atores, reconhecemos processos de auto-organização e existências territoriais semiautônomas. O caso etnográfico estendido revela a aliança entre mulheres e plantas medicinais no Sul do Brasil. Processos de individualização, singularização e emaranhados de práticas sociomateriais nos permitem estudar as Bruxinhas de Deus e suas farmacinhas caseiras. O preparo, uso e distribuição de remédios reterritorializa os cuidados em saúde. Isto nos leva a sugerir que, em partes do Brasil rural, emergem espaços liminares de rebelião biopolítica, identificados por transgressões à privatização da vida. O colapso da separação entre as existências biológica, política e não-política na vida territorial; e as corporalizações disruptivas, finalmente, revelam novas configurações transindividuais para além da esfera familiar

La herencia del pasado : Fuerzas Armadas, derechos humanos y seguridad interior en el Perú contemporáneo.

El objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar el conjunto de estrategias políticas que las fuerzas armadas desarrollaron para hacerle frente a dos procesos simultáneos ocurridos tras la transición a la democracia iniciada en el Perú el año 2000: Por un lado, el proceso de justicia transicional tras fin del régimen de Alberto Fujimori, cuyo principal hito fue la instalación de una Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, y la subsecuente judicialización de casos de violaciones de derechos humanos cometidas por efectivos militares durante el conflicto armado interno; Por otro lado, la creciente tendencia de los últimos gobiernos democráticos de utilizar a la fuerza armada para tareas de seguridad interior, tanto en el control de la seguridad pública, ante los crecientes niveles de conflictividad y movilización social registrados en el Perú, como en el combate a los remanentes armados de Sendero Luminoso aliados al narcotráfico en el valle de los ríos Apurímac y Ene (VRAE).Tesi

Embodiment and reflexivity: gaining insight into food lifeways through the Chili Cook-off in Ajijic, Mexico

In this chapter we focus on the embodiment of food within lived experience by taking the case of the Mexican National Chili Cook-off competition in Ajijic, Jalisco State in Mexico. Through this example we demonstrate how a food-affect-resonance becomes apparent within “food lifeways", giving expression to ways of being in the world that focus on the interactions between people and things through the medium of food. Here bodies and material things align with people’s sense of dwelling in a locality and their commitment to charitable aims through a public event