Sistema de gestión de calidad en la comercialización del banano en mercados nacionales en la finca maryland

Este trabajo trata sobre las herramientas de los sistemas de gestión integral, los cuales pueden enfocarse en calidad, ambiente, seguridad y salud de una empresa u organización que opere adecuadamente, donde se definen los requisitos para el control de registros y documentación que se administran de manera planificada La finca objeto para el desarrollo corresponde a la empresa de Maryland, es una Organización formal cuya razón social es agropecuaria Cibeles, y se dedica a cultivar de Banano para su venta, La Finca está ubicada en el municipio de apartado, subregión de Urabá en el departamento de Antioquia. La organización presenta dos formas de comercializar sus productos, mercado Nacional y de exportación. Daremos a conocer por medio de un análisis las fallas en el sistema de gestión integral de la organización Maryland, en el área de comercio y distribución de esta. Durante su diagnóstico se observan de primera mano, la nula utilización de cualquiera de los sistemas de gestión integral, principalmente los de las normas ISO 9001 e ISO 22000 basados en lineamientos BPM (Buenas Prácticas Manufactureras)/APPCC (Analisis Peligro Puntos Control Crítico), por lo cual se busca con este trabajo especificar y detallar cuales son estas fallas al implementarlas.This work deals with the tools of integrated management systems, which can focus on quality, environment, safety and health of a company or organization that operates properly, where the requirements for the control of records and documentation that are administered in a planned manner are defined. The farm object for the development corresponds to the Maryland company, it is a formal organization whose corporate name is Agropecuaria Cibeles, and is dedicated to the cultivation of bananas for sale, the farm is located in the municipality of apartado, subregion of Urabá in the department of Antioquia. The organization has two ways of commercializing its products, national and export market. We will show through an analysis the failures in the integral management system of the Maryland organization, in the area of commerce and distribution. During its diagnosis, the null use of any of the integral management systems, mainly those of the ISO 9001 and ISO 22000 standards based on BPM (Good Manufacturing Practices)/APPCC (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) guidelines, is observed first hand, so we seek with this work to specify and detail what are these failures to implement the

Canal endémico de la Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda en menores de 5 años, Cali - Colombia, 2012-2016

Introduction: In Colombia, Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD) occupies the second place of morbidity and mortality in the population under five years of age, knowing its behavior during the year is relevant for decision making. Objective: To elaborate an endemic channel for notified cases of EDA between 2012 and 2016 in the municipality of Cali. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out. The behavior during the years 2012 to 2016 of the ADD is presented in children under 5 years notified to the Public Health Surveillance System of the municipal health secretariat of Cali. An endemic channel was prepared per epidemiological week. The data processing was done in Excel and the statistical software R.5.0 was used. Results: It is observed that the tendency of the ADD in the municipality of Cali is positive, which indicates that in recent years there has been an increase in the number of cases reported to SIVIGILA (Public Health Surveillance System) in comparison with those referring to the endemic channel. Discussion: The development of the endemic channel of the EDA in Cali, showed the importance of applying these surveillance methodologies in situations of public health interest. As noted in the results, it is necessary to have a monitoring tool like the endemic channel.Introducción: En Colombia, la Enfermedad Diarreica Aguda (EDA) ocupa el segundo lugar de morbi-mortalidad en la población menor de cinco años, conocer su comportamiento durante el año es relevante para la toma de decisiones. Objetivo: Elaborar un canal endémico para los casos notificados de EDA entre los años 2012 y 2016 en el municipio de Cali. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Se presenta el comportamiento durante los años 2012 a 2016 de la EDA en menores de 5 años notificados al Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de la secretaría de salud municipal de Cali. Se elaboró un canal endémico por semana epidemiológica. El procesamiento de datos se realizó en Excel y se utilizó el software estadístico R.5.0. Resultados: Se observa que la tendencia de la EDA en el municipio de Cali es positiva, lo que indica que en los últimos años se ha incrementado el número de casos notificados al SIVIGILA (Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública) en comparación con los referentes para el canal endémico. Discusión: La elaboración del canal endémico de la EDA en el Cali, evidenció la importancia de aplicar estas metodologías de vigilancia en situaciones de interés en salud pública. Como se observó en los resultados, es necesario contar con una herramienta de monitoreo como el canal endémico

Assessment of the EUMETSAT LSA-SAF evapotranspiration product for drought monitoring in Europe

tEvapotranspiration is a key parameter for water stress assessment as it is directly related to the moisturestatus of the soil-vegetation system and describes the moisture transfer from the surface to the atmo-sphere. With the launch of the Meteosat Second Generation geostationary satellites and the setup ofthe Satellite Application Facilities, it became possible to operationally produce evapotranspiration datawith high spatial and temporal evolution over the entire continents of Europe and Africa. In the frameof this study we present an evaluation of the potential of the evapotranspiration (ET) product from theEUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF) for drought assessment andmonitoring in Europe.To assess the potential of this product, the LSA-SAF ET was used as input for the ratio of ET to referenceevapotranspiration (ET0), the latter estimated from the ECMWF interim reanalysis. In the analysis twocase studies were considered corresponding to the drought episodes of spring/summer 2007 and 2011.For these case studies, the ratio ET/ET0was compared with meteorological drought indices (SPI, SPEI andSc-PDSI for 2007 and SPI for 2011) as well as with the anomalies of the fraction of absorbed photosyn-thetic active radiation (fAPAR) derived from remote sensing data. The meteorological and remote sensingindicators were taken from the European Drought Observatory (EDO) and the CARPATCLIM climatologicalatlas.Results show the potential of ET/ET0to characterize soil moisture variability, and to give additionalinformation to fAPAR and to precipitation distribution for drought assessment. The main limitations ofthe proposed ratio for drought characterization are discussed, including options to overcome them. Theseoptions include the use of filters to discriminate areas with a low percentage vegetation cover or areasthat are not in their growing period and the use of evapotranspiration without water restriction (ETwwr),obtained as output of the LSA-SAF model instead of ET0. The ET/ETwwrratio was tested by comparingits accumulated values per growing period with the winter wheat yield values per country published byEurostat. The results point to the potential of using the remote sensing based LSA-SAF evapotranspirationand the ET/ETwwrratio for vegetation monitoring at large scale, especially in areas where data is generallylackin

Assessment of the EUMETSAT LSA-SAF evapotranspiration product for drought monitoring in Europe

Evapotranspiration is a key parameter for water stress assessment as it is directly related to the moisture status of the soil-vegetation system and describes the moisture transfer from the surface to the atmosphere. With the launch of the Meteosat Second Generation geostationary satellites and the setup of the Satellite Application Facilities, it became possible to operationally produce evapotranspiration data with high spatial and temporal evolution over the entire continents of Europe and Africa. In the frame of this study we present an evaluation of the potential of the evapotranspiration (ET) product from the EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF) for drought assessment and monitoring in Europe. To assess the potential of this product, the LSA-SAF ET was used as input for the ratio of ET to reference evapotranspiration (ET0), the latter estimated from the ECMWF interim reanalysis. In the analysis two case studies were considered corresponding to the drought episodes of spring/summer 2007 and 2011. For these case studies, the ratio ET/ET0 was compared with meteorological drought indices (SPI, SPEI and Sc-PDSI for 2007 and SPI for 2011) as well as with the anomalies of the fraction of absorbed photosynthetic active radiation (fAPAR) derived from remote sensing data. The meteorological and remote sensing indicators were taken from the European Drought Observatory (EDO) and the CARPATCLIM climatological atlas. Results show the potential of ET/ET0 to characterize soil moisture variability, and to give additional information to fAPAR and to precipitation distribution for drought assessment. The main limitations of the proposed ratio for drought characterization are discussed, including options to overcome them. These options include the use of filters to discriminate areas with a low percentage vegetation cover or areas that are not in their growing period and the use of evapotranspiration without water restriction (ETwwr), obtained as output of the LSA-SAF model instead of ET0. The ET/ ETwwr ratio was tested by comparing its accumulated values per growing period with the winter wheat yield values per country published by Eurostat. The results point to the potential of using the remote sensing based LSA-SAF evapotranspiration and the ET/ ETwwr ratio for vegetation monitoring at large scale, especially in areas where data is generally lacking.JRC.H.7-Climate Risk Managemen

Combining remote sensing imagery of both fine and coarse spatial resolution to estimate crop evapotranspiration and quantifying its influence on crop growth monitoring

peer reviewedThis study has been carried out in the framework of the GLOBAM -Global Agricultural Monitoring system by integration of earth observation and modeling techniques- project whose objective is to fill the methodological gap between the state of the art of local crop monitoring and the operational requirements of the global monitoring system programs. To achieve this goal, the research aims to develop an integrated approach using remote sensing and crop growth modeling. This paper concerns the use of MSG geostationnary satellite data for the calculation of Actual Evapotranspiration and its integration into a crop growth model

Continuous Daily Evapotranspiration with Optical Spaceborne Observations at Sub-Kilometre Spatial Resolution

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key parameter in the description of the energy and water fluxes over land. Continuous and spatially detailed ET simulations are thus required for a number of scientific and management-related purposes. These conditions are determined by the modelling approach and the composition of the forcing dataset. This study aimed at simulating daily ET in a diversity of climate and land cover conditions at a spatial resolution of ∼1 km and higher. The modelling approach was based on the algorithm driving the ET product developed and set in operations in the framework of the Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis programme (LSA-SAF). The implemented algorithm allowed the ingestion of biophysical parameters derived from SPOT-V and PROBA-V observations developed by the Copernicus Global Land Programme, as well as other model parameters at a similar spatial resolution. The model was tested at an ∼1 km spatial resolution in over 40 sites located in different climate and land cover contexts. The implementation at ∼300 m was tested in the upper Biebrza basin, in Poland. The simulations correlated well with the validation dataset (r2 > 0.75 in 80% of sites) and exhibited root mean squared values lower than 1 mm/day in 80% of the cases. The results also pointed to the need for refining the accuracy of soil moisture data sources, especially in dry areas. The results showed the ability of the modelling approach and the SPOT-V/PROBA-V missions to support the generation of long ET time series. They also opened the gate to incorporate Sentinel-3 in ET continuous modelling

An All-Weather Land Surface Temperature Product Based on MSG/SEVIRI Observations

A new all-weather land surface temperature (LST) product derived at the Satellite Application Facility on Land Surface Analysis (LSA-SAF) is presented. It is the first all-weather LST product based on visible and infrared observations combining clear-sky LST retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager on Meteosat Second Generation (MSG/SEVIRI) infrared (IR) measurements with LST estimated with a land surface energy balance (EB) model to fill gaps caused by clouds. The EB model solves the surface energy balance mostly using products derived at LSA-SAF. The new product is compared with in situ observations made at 3 dedicated validation stations, and with a microwave (MW)-based LST product derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) measurements. The validation against in-situ LST indicates an accuracy of the new product between -0.8 K and 1.1 K and a precision between 1.0 K and 1.4 K, generally showing a better performance than the MW product. The EB model shows some limitations concerning the representation of the LST diurnal cycle. Comparisons with MW LST generally show higher LST of the new product over desert areas, and lower LST over tropical regions. Several other imagers provide suitable measurements for implementing the proposed methodology, which oers the potential to obtain a global, nearly gap-free LST product

A new retrieval algorithm for soil moisture index from thermal infrared sensor on-board geostationary satellites over Europe and Africa and its validation

Monitoring soil moisture at the Earth'surface is of great importance for drought early warnings. Spaceborne remote sensing is a keystone in monitoring at continental scale, as satellites can make observations of locations which are scarcely monitored by ground-based techniques. In recent years, several soil moisture products for continental scale monitoring became available from the main space agencies around the world. Making use of sensors aboard polar satellites sampling in the microwave spectrum, soil moisture can be measured and mapped globally every few days at a spatial resolution as fine as 25 km. However, complementarity of satellite observations is a crucial issue to improve the quality of the estimations provided. In this context, measurements within the visible and infrared from geostationary satellites provide information on the surface from a totally different perspective. In this study, we design a new retrieval algorithm for daily soil moisture monitoring based only on the land surface temperature observations derived from the METEOSAT second generation geostationary satellites. Soil moisture has been retrieved from the retrieval algorithm for an eight years period over Europe and Africa at the SEVIRI sensor spatial resolution (3 km at the sub-satellite point). The results, only available for clear sky and partly cloudy conditions, are for the first time extensively evaluated against in-situ observations provided by the International Soil Moisture Network and FLUXNET at sites across Europe and Africa. The soil moisture retrievals have approximately the same accuracy as the soil moisture products derived from microwave sensors, with the most accurate estimations for semi-arid regions of Europe and Africa, and a progressive degradation of the accuracy towards northern latitudes of Europe. Although some possible improvements can be expected by a better use of other products derived from SEVIRI, the new approach developped and assessed here is a valuable alternative to microwave sensors to monitor daily soil moisture at the resolution of few kilometers over entire continents and could reveal a good complementarity to an improved monitoring system, as the algorithm can produce surface soil moisture with less than 1 day delay over clear sky and non-steady cloudy conditions (over 10% of the time)

Local-scale evaluation of the simulated interactions between energy, water and vegetation in ISBA, ORCHIDEE and a diagnostic model

International audienceThe processes involved in the exchange of water, energy and carbon in terrestrial ecosystems are strongly intertwined. To accurately represent the terrestrial biosphere in land surface models (LSMs), the intrinsic coupling between these processes is required. Soil moisture and leaf area index (LAI) are two key variables at the nexus of water, energy and vegetation. Here, we evaluated two prognostic LSMs (ISBA and ORCHIDEE) and a diagnostic model (based on the LSA SAF, Satellite Application Facility for Land Surface Analysis, algorithms) in their ability to simulate the latent heat flux (LE) and gross primary production (GPP) coherently and their interactions through LAI and soil moisture. The models were validated using in situ eddy covariance observations, soil moisture measurements and remote-sensingbased LAI. It was found that the diagnostic model performed consistently well, regardless of land cover, whereas important shortcomings of the prognostic models were revealed for herbaceous and dry sites. Despite their different architecture and parametrization, ISBA and ORCHIDEE shared some key weaknesses. In both models, LE and GPP were found to be oversensitive to drought stress. Though the simulated soil water dynamics could be improved, this was not the main cause of errors in the surface fluxes. Instead, these errors were strongly correlated to errors in LAI. The simulated phenological cycle in ISBA and ORCHIDEE was delayed compared to observations and failed to capture the observed seasonal variability. The feedback mechanism between GPP and LAI (i.e. the biomass allocation scheme) was identified as a key element to improve the intricate coupling between energy, water and vegetation in LSMs