201 research outputs found
The pathway from Brussels to JĂ€mtland : an examination of the implementation and effects of EUâs common agricultural policy in Swedish agriculture
Denna uppsats undersöker implementeringen av EU:s gemensamma jordbrukspolitik, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) i en svensk kontext. Syftet Àr att utröna vilka effekter EU-finansierade jordbruksstöd har pÄ jordbruket och huruvida det skapas nÄgra motsÀttningar mellan svensk jordbrukspolicy och CAP. Svensk jordbrukspolicy visar genom statliga jordbruksstöd sina mÄl om att stÀrka inhemsk livsmedelsproduktion. PÄ samma gÄng rÄder tydliga objektiv inom CAP med mÄl om att minska jordbrukets negativa klimatpÄverkan. Uppsatsen har undersökt huruvida jordbruksstöd pÄverkar förutsÀttningarna att nÄ mÄlen om en stÀrkt livsmedelsproduktion och ett minskat klimatavtryck. Insamlandet av empiri har gjorts genom deltagande observationer samt en litteraturstudie. De deltagande observationerna har genomförts tillsammans med tre rÄdgivare frÄn HushÄllningssÀllskapet JÀmtland. RÄdgivarnas erfarenhet av hur CAP pÄverkar jordbruket utgör en betydande del av uppsatsens empiri och analys. De deltagande observationerna har alla gjorts i JÀmtland och rÄdgivarnas erfarenhet Àr baserade utifrÄn en jÀmtlÀndsk kontext. Det teoretiska ramverk som anvÀnds i denna uppsats berör förhÄllandet mellan policy och praktik samt begreppet blueprints. Analysen har genomförts med hjÀlp av Carol BacchiŽs WPR-approach. Uppsatsen pÄvisar att det EU-finansierade kompensationsstödet skapar negativa effekter i jordbruket dÄ det möjliggör inlÄsning av mark, underutnyttjande av odlingsmark samt ett ineffektivt resursutnyttjande som i sin tur leder till ett sÀmre foder och negativ klimatpÄverkan. Det möjliggör ocksÄ stödoptimering som i sin tur skapar ett ökat stödberoende bland lantbrukare. Resultatet visar ocksÄ att det skapas motsÀttningar mellan svensk jordbrukspolicy och CAP. ErsÀttningarna för kompensationsstödet och det nationella stödet baseras pÄ olika grunder, men bÄda möjliggör ett stödoptimerande vilket innebÀr en resursineffektiv mjölkproduktion. Det skapas ocksÄ motsÀttningar i EU-finansierade projekt, dels dÄ dessa Àr begrÀnsade till att omfatta smÄskaligt jordbruk, dels att projektbudgeten inte Àr anpassad för en svensk kontext. BÄda försvÄrar förutsÀttningarna för en stÀrkt inhemsk livsmedelsproduktion.This essay examines the implementation of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in a Swedish context. The aim is to find out what effects EU-funded payments has on agriculture and whether there are any contradictions between Swedish agricultural policy and CAP. Swedish agricultural policy aim to strengthen domestic food production and at the same time there are clear objectives within CAP with goals of reducing agriculture's negative climate impact. The essay has investigated whether the CAP-payments affect the possibilities for reaching the goals of strengthened food production and at the same time a reduced climate footprint. The collecting of empirical evidence has been done through a participant observation and a literature study. The participant observations have been carried out together with three advisors from the JÀmtland Advisory Association. The advisers' experience of how CAP affects agriculture makes a significant part of the essay's empirical work and analysis. The participant observations have all been made in JÀmtland and the advisers' experience is based in a JÀmtland context. The theoretical framework used in this essay concerns the relationship between policy and practice as well as the concept of blueprints. The analysis has been carried out using Carol BacchiŽs WPR approach. The analysis shows that the payments for areas of natural constraint creates negative effects in agriculture as it enables the locking up of land, underutilization of arable land and inefficient resource utilization. This in turn means low quality feed and, in the end, an increased negative climate impact. It also enables payment optimization, which in turn creates an increased dependency on financial support among farmers. The result also showed that contradictions are created between Swedish agricultural policy and CAP. The payments for areas of natural constraint and the national dairy support are based on different grounds, but both enable optimizing financial support. This in turn creates a resource-inefficient milk production. Contradictions are also created in EU-funded projects, partly because these are limited to small-scale agriculture, partly because the project budget is not adapted to a Swedish context. Both complicates the strengthening of domestic food production
Egen ull vÀrmer bÀst
Denna uppsats undersöker vilka hinder och ÄtgÀrder som finns i organiseringen kring svensk ull samt undersöker vad som behövs för att kunna skapa en gemensam organisation kring ullen. Studiens empiri baseras pÄ intervjuer med personer som pÄ olika sÀtt Àr kopplade till svensk ull och som representerar olika delar av ullens vÀg frÄn gÄrd till försÀljning av fÀrdig produkt. Analysen genomfördes med hjÀlp av organiseringsteorin Leavitts öppna systemmodell kompletterad med teori om förÀndringsagenter. Resultatet visade att de finns flertalet hinder av olika karaktÀr och att prioritetsordningen pÄ dessa hinder och ÄtgÀrderna av de varierade beroende pÄ vem som intervjuades. Analysen pÄvisade ocksÄ att det inte finns nÄgot tydligt ansvarstagande eller nÄgon ansvarsfördelning mellan aktörerna. Ett steg för att överkomma dessa hinder visade sig vara en gemensam medlemsorganisation, dÄ det möjliggör ett mer enhetligt arbete i ÄtgÀrdandet av dessa hinder. En gemensam organisation skulle ocksÄ inkludera fler aktörer och öka representationen av svensk fÄrnÀring. För att pÄ bÀsta sÀtt kunna bilda denna organisation behövs en ytterligare part som kan fungera som en processledare likvÀl som en sammanhÄllande lÀnk mellan alla aktörer. Resultatet visade ocksÄ att ett av dessa hinder, avsaknaden av ett klassificeringssystem, inte nödvÀndigtvis Àr sÄ stort som det framförts i tidigare forskning och diskussioner inom branschen.This paper outlines and examines obstacles within the process of organizing Swedish wool, and further evaluates and proposes potential solutions to minimize their impact. The paper also examines what needs to be done to be able to create a common organization for this resource. Interviews with people who all have different interests in Swedish wool was done to provide a broader understanding of the subject. Majority of the people interviewed were sheep farmers. By using the Leavitts system model supported by a change agent, several obstacles as well as several solutions was revealed. The obstacles and solutions depended on the individual being interviewed. The analysis also showed that there was a lack of responsibility amongst these people. It was found that a common organization would be the best way to solve these obstacles as well as involving more people in the matter. To be able to create this organization an additional role is needed in the process, both as a process leader as well as a link between the different interests within Swedish wool. The results also showed that one of the obstacles, a common classification system, might not be as important as earlier research has suggested
Development of a monitoring method for electro-desalination on Clashach sandstone
A non-invasive monitoring method has been developed for electro-desalination (ED) of sandstone. Salts are one of the main culprits in deterioration of cultural heritage, and ED has been
proven an effective treatment. However, until now there has not been an accurate non-invasive
method to monitor treatment progress. This study investigates the use of impedance to estimate the salt content within a stone sample during desalination treatment. The salt used for the experimental setup have been N aCl due to its commonality in the environment. The stone samples have mainly been Clashach sandstone due to its pure mineralogy and uniform pore size that limits variations during experiments. The experiments trialled a four-point electrode setup and varying boundary conditions. The sensitivity of impedance measurements in relation to inherent variability within samples, porosity, moisture content and salt was investigated. The results showed that neither an individual sampleâs porosity or composition was directly correlated to impedance. Also, as long as there was more than 20% moisture content within the samples, impedance measurements were not affected. Salt however, clearly impacted impedance values, even at small concentrations. As salt was removed during ED treatment, impedance
increased, showing a strong correlation with measured salt values from later destructive testing.
The resulting curve of X against Y was robust for all tests. The experiments confirmed that ED
is a much more effective method in removing salt compared to poulticing, as well as illuminating three phases of desalination: an initial, high removal rate phase, a constant removal phase and a final increasing phase. This concept needs further investigated and developed. Based on the findings in this study, impedance measurements can be used as a non-invasive monitoring and evaluation method for desalination though ED treatments. Future studies are required to develop a workflow for application in the field.A non-invasive monitoring method has been developed for electro-desalination (ED) of sandstone. Salts are one of the main culprits in deterioration of cultural heritage, and ED has been
proven an effective treatment. However, until now there has not been an accurate non-invasive
method to monitor treatment progress. This study investigates the use of impedance to estimate the salt content within a stone sample during desalination treatment. The salt used for the experimental setup have been N aCl due to its commonality in the environment. The stone samples have mainly been Clashach sandstone due to its pure mineralogy and uniform pore size that limits variations during experiments. The experiments trialled a four-point electrode setup and varying boundary conditions. The sensitivity of impedance measurements in relation to inherent variability within samples, porosity, moisture content and salt was investigated. The results showed that neither an individual sampleâs porosity or composition was directly correlated to impedance. Also, as long as there was more than 20% moisture content within the samples, impedance measurements were not affected. Salt however, clearly impacted impedance values, even at small concentrations. As salt was removed during ED treatment, impedance
increased, showing a strong correlation with measured salt values from later destructive testing.
The resulting curve of X against Y was robust for all tests. The experiments confirmed that ED
is a much more effective method in removing salt compared to poulticing, as well as illuminating three phases of desalination: an initial, high removal rate phase, a constant removal phase and a final increasing phase. This concept needs further investigated and developed. Based on the findings in this study, impedance measurements can be used as a non-invasive monitoring and evaluation method for desalination though ED treatments. Future studies are required to develop a workflow for application in the field
TypomrĂ„den pĂ„ jordbruksmark i Ărebro lĂ€n
Under 15 Ă„r har tvĂ„ avrinningsomrĂ„den (T9 och T10) i Ărebro lĂ€n undersökts inom miljöövervakningsprogrammet TypomrĂ„den pĂ„ jordbruksmark. Kontinuerliga mĂ€tningar av vattenflödet samt halter av kvĂ€ve och fosfor har möjliggjort berĂ€kningar av Ă„rliga nĂ€ringsĂ€mnestransporter i omrĂ„denas bĂ€ckar. Undersökningarna upphörde i december Ă„r 2008. Syftet med denna rapport har varit att sammanstĂ€lla och utvĂ€rdera data frĂ„n hela undersökningsperioden. I bĂ„da omrĂ„den dominerades Ă„kermarken av vĂ„rsĂ„dd spannmĂ„l. I T9 utgjorde Ă€ven energiskogsodlingar en stor andel av den odlade marken. LĂ„ngtidsmedel för Ă„rsmedeltransporten av kvĂ€ve var störst i T10 (4 680 kg/km2), med kvĂ€verika mulljordar som dominerande jordart. I detta omrĂ„de har bĂ„de avrinning och kvĂ€vehalter legat pĂ„ högre nivĂ„er under de senaste 6 Ă„ren jĂ€mfört med tidigare Ă„r. De högre kvĂ€vehalterna under senare Ă„r kan ha ett samband med att vatten har börjat pumpats ut under en större del av Ă„ret Ă€n tidigare, vilket kan ha medfört förĂ€ndrade fuktighetsförhĂ„llanden, och dĂ€rmed en ökad kvĂ€vemineralisering i marken. LĂ„ngtidsmedel för de Ă„rliga fosfortransporterna var dĂ€remot högre i T9 (85 kg/km2) Ă€n i T10 (27 kg/km2). De höga fosforförlusterna kan ha orsakats av att T9 domineras av lerjordar, dĂ€r fosfor till stor del transporteras bort frĂ„n Ă„kermarken i partikulĂ€rt bunden form, det vill sĂ€ga fosfor bunden till bland annat ler-partiklar. I trendtest med flödesnormaliserade transporter kunde inga signifikanta förĂ€ndringar med tiden sĂ€kerstĂ€llas för nĂ„got av omrĂ„dena, varken i avrinning, fosfor- eller kvĂ€vetransporter
Territorial Cohesion in Europe: for the 70th Anniversary of Transdanubian Research Institute
Dagens standardiserade revisionsberĂ€ttelse har kritiserats för att den innehĂ„ller alltför knapphĂ€ndig information. Dessutom presenterar den enbart att revisorn tagit ett passivt ansvar i sitt granskningsarbete och ger inte revisorn möjlighet att ta ett aktivt ansvar vid författandet av revisionsberĂ€ttelsen. För att foÌrbĂ€ttra detta har IAASB beslutat att införa ett nytt avsnitt, Key Audit Matters, dĂ€r revisorn förvĂ€ntas redogöra för vĂ€sentliga risker och svĂ„righeter i revisionen. Genom att undersöka vilka omrĂ„den som utgör Key Audit Matters idag och hur dessa kommuniceras bĂ€st i revisionsberĂ€ttelsen förvĂ€ntas studien analysera relationen mellan revisorers ansvar och deras instĂ€llning till revisionsberĂ€ttelsen. För att fĂ„ en djupare förstĂ„else för forskningsfrĂ„gan genomförs en kvalitativ studie dĂ€r sju auktoriserade revisorer intervjuas frĂ„n Sveriges fyra största revisionsbyrĂ„er. Studien visar att de omrĂ„den som idag utgör Key Audit Matters framförallt bestĂ„r av bedömnings- och vĂ€rderingsfrĂ„gor, vĂ€sentlighetsbedömningar och oegentligheter. Vidare anser inte revisorerna att det Ă€r viktigt att kommunicera i revisionsberĂ€ttelsen och de har sĂ„ledes en passiv instĂ€llning till denna. Detta indikerar till att KAM kommer bli standardiserad och att IAASB inte kommer fĂ„ sina förvĂ€ntningar uppfyllda
Child Rights, Classroom and School Management : Change Projects from the International Training Programme Batch 19 - 2013b
Lund University has offered the Sida-financed International Training Programmeon Child Rights, Classroom and School Management since 2003. The programmetargets those in a position from which they can initiate processes ofchange in the education sector in their countries. During the programme all participating teams initiate a change project in their respective countries aiming atthe realization of the intention of the Child Rights Convention in policy as wellas in practice. This book contains the final reports from Batch 19 with changeagents from Cambodia, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Malawi, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, and Vietnam
Complex genetic diversity patterns of cryptic, sympatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in tiny mountain lakes
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