Research Update on Extreme-Mass-Ratio Inspirals

The inspirals of stellar-mass mass compact objects into massive black holes in the centres of galaxies are one of the most important sources of gravitational radiation for space-based detectors like LISA or eLISA. These extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs) will enable an ambitious research program with implications for astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. This article is a summary of the talks delivered at the plenary session on EMRIs at the 10th International LISA Symposium. It contains research updates on the following topics: astrophysics of EMRIs; EMRI science potential; and EMRI modeling.Comment: 17 pages, no figures. Proceedings of the LISA Symposium X, to be published at the Journal of Physic

A whole-genome shotgun approach for assembling and anchoring the hexaploid bread wheat genome

Citation: Chapman, J. A., Mascher, M., Buluç, A., Barry, K., Georganas, E., Session, A., . . . Rokhsar, D. S. (2015). A whole-genome shotgun approach for assembling and anchoring the hexaploid bread wheat genome. Genome Biology, 16(1). doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0582-8Polyploid species have long been thought to be recalcitrant to whole-genome assembly. By combining high-throughput sequencing, recent developments in parallel computing, and genetic mapping, we derive, de novo, a sequence assembly representing 9.1 Gbp of the highly repetitive 16 Gbp genome of hexaploid wheat, Triticum aestivum, and assign 7.1 Gb of this assembly to chromosomal locations. The genome representation and accuracy of our assembly is comparable or even exceeds that of a chromosome-by-chromosome shotgun assembly. Our assembly and mapping strategy uses only short read sequencing technology and is applicable to any species where it is possible to construct a mapping population. © 2015 Chapman et al. licensee BioMed Central.Additional Authors: Muehlbauer, G. J.;Stein, N.;Rokhsar, D. S

Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis

To explore the origins and consequences of tetraploidy in the African clawed frog, we sequenced the Xenopus laevis genome and compared it to the related diploid X. tropicalis genome. We characterize the allotetraploid origin of X. laevis by partitioning its genome into two homoeologous subgenomes, marked by distinct families of ???fossil??? transposable elements. On the basis of the activity of these elements and the age of hundreds of unitary pseudogenes, we estimate that the two diploid progenitor species diverged around 34 million years ago (Ma) and combined to form an allotetraploid around 17-18 Ma. More than 56% of all genes were retained in two homoeologous copies. Protein function, gene expression, and the amount of conserved flanking sequence all correlate with retention rates. The subgenomes have evolved asymmetrically, with one chromosome set more often preserving the ancestral state and the other experiencing more gene loss, deletion, rearrangement, and reduced gene expression.ope

Genome biology of the paleotetraploid perennial biomass crop Miscanthus

Miscanthus is a perennial wild grass that is of global importance for paper production, roofing, horticultural plantings, and an emerging highly productive temperate biomass crop. We report a chromosome-scale assembly of the paleotetraploid M. sinensis genome, providing a resource for Miscanthus that links its chromosomes to the related diploid Sorghum and complex polyploid sugarcanes. The asymmetric distribution of transposons across the two homoeologous subgenomes proves Miscanthus paleo-allotetraploidy and identifies several balanced reciprocal homoeologous exchanges. Analysis of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus populations demonstrates extensive interspecific admixture and hybridization, and documents the origin of the highly productive triploid bioenergy crop M. x giganteus. Transcriptional profiling of leaves, stem, and rhizomes over growing seasons provides insight into rhizome development and nutrient recycling, processes critical for sustainable biomass accumulation in a perennial temperate grass. The Miscanthus genome expands the power of comparative genomics to understand traits of importance to Andropogoneae grasses

Gradual polyploid genome evolution revealed by pan-genomic analysis of Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors

Our understanding of polyploid genome evolution is constrained because we cannot know the exact founders of a particular polyploid. To differentiate between founder effects and post polyploidization evolution, we use a pan-genomic approach to study the allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors. Comparative analysis suggests that most B. hybridum whole gene presence/absence variation is part of the standing variation in its diploid progenitors. Analysis of nuclear single nucleotide variants, plastomes and k-mers associated with retrotransposons reveals two independent origins for B. hybridum, ~1.4 and ~0.14 million years ago. Examination of gene expression in the younger B. hybridum lineage reveals no bias in overall subgenome expression. Our results are consistent with a gradual accumulation of genomic changes after polyploidization and a lack of subgenome expression dominance. Significantly, if we did not use a pan-genomic approach, we would grossly overestimate the number of genomic changes attributable to post polyploidization evolution

Gradual polyploid genome evolution revealed by pan-genomic analysis of Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors

Our understanding of polyploid genome evolution is constrained because we cannot know the exact founders of a particular polyploid. To differentiate between founder effects and post polyploidization evolution, we use a pan-genomic approach to study the allotetraploid Brachypodium hybridum and its diploid progenitors. Comparative analysis suggests that most B. hybridum whole gene presence/absence variation is part of the standing variation in its diploid progenitors. Analysis of nuclear single nucleotide variants, plastomes and k-mers associated with retrotransposons reveals two independent origins for B. hybridum, ~1.4 and ~0.14 million years ago. Examination of gene expression in the younger B. hybridum lineage reveals no bias in overall subgenome expression. Our results are consistent with a gradual accumulation of genomic changes after polyploidization and a lack of subgenome expression dominance. Significantly, if we did not use a pan-genomic approach, we would grossly overestimate the number of genomic changes attributable to post polyploidization evolution

Genomic Analysis of the Allotetraploid Frog, Xenopus laevis

Duplication has long been recognized as an evolutionary source of novelty. The relaxation of purifying selection following duplication allows for normally deleterious mutations to persist long enough to give rise to novel phenotypes. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are a specific type of duplication, in which a species suddenly finds itself with two copies of all of its genomic loci. While the fate of most of the duplicated loci is to be lost, those that persist are thought to underlie the innovations seen in groups with a history of polyploidy, such as flowering plants, yeast, Paramecium, and vertebrates. These ancient events give us an idea of how WGDs can drive the radiation of large and diverse phyla, but do not give us any information on the genomic response immediately following polyploidy. This thesis provides insights into the origins of polyploidy and its effects on genome dynamics. There are two models for the mechanism of polyploidy: autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy. Autopolyploids are formed by doubling the somatic chromosomes in the zygote or early embryo. Allopolyploids are formed by the hybridization of two related, but genetically distinct, species, followed by chromosome doubling. If there are no extant diploid relatives, it can be difficult to distinguish between these two models. One feature of allopolyploids is the lack of recombination between their homeologous chromosomes. The end result is that any markers that were unique to each species while apart, such as transposable element subfamilies, will be asymmetrically distributed on the progenitor chromosomes in an organism that recently underwent a WGD. Xenopus laevis is an important vertebrate model in developmental and cell biology that has experienced a recent WGD (~40 million years ago [MYA], based on cDNA alignments (Hellsten, 2007). Its diploid cousin Xenopus tropicalis has become a popular genetic model frog. Comparative analysis of these two frog genomes gives us an excellent opportunity to study genome dynamics following whole genome duplication. The discovery of asymmetrically distributed transposon subfamilies supports the model that cross-species hybridization through allotetraploidy is the mechanism underlying the polyploid Xenopus radiation. Thus, the sub-genome sequence divergence of 40 MYA dates the divergence of the progenitor species, not the hybridization event. The asymmetric distribution of these elements between homeologous sequences allows us to assign chromosomes to progenitor species, named “A” and “B”, making X. laevis a unique system to study sub-genome-specific evolution. The wealth of transcriptome and epigenetic data available for Xenopus allows me to assay how these genomic changes affect gene expression as well as gene retention. The combination of these resources with genomic data gives me the resolution needed to date the hybridization both by studying the decay of unitary pseudogenes and by comparative analysis of the transposable elements discussed above.The sub-genome from progenitor species “A” has more assembled length, longer chromosomes, a higher rate of gene retention, and higher average expression in the adult frog. The B sub-genome has higher synonymous and nonsynonymous mutation rates. The chromosomes orthologous to X. tropicalis 9 and 10 are fused in both sub-genomes of X. laevis, forming homeologous chromosomes 15 and 18, and deviate from the A/B trends discussed above. The regions of these X. laevis chromosomes orthologous to X. tropicalis chromosome 10 have a lower density of diagnostic repeats, no sub-genome bias in gene retention, and have a higher silent substitution rate. This divergence from the rest of the genome is not shared by the regions orthologous to X. tropicalis 9. I hypothesize that the short length of X. tropicalis 10 plays a role in these deviations due to a higher rate of gene conversion on shorter chromosomes

Discovering subgenomes of octoploid strawberry with repetitive sequences

AbstractAlthough its sequence was recently determined in a genomictour de force,{Edger 2019} the ancestry of the cultivated octoploid strawberryFragariaxananassaremains controversial.{Liston 2020; Edger 2020} Polyploids that arise by hybridization generally have chromosome sets, or subgenomes, of distinct ancestry.{Stebbins 1947; Garsmeur 2014} The conventional method for partitioning a polyploid genome into its constituent subgenomes relies on establishing phylogenetic relationships between protein-coding genes of the polyploid and its extant diploid relatives,{Edger 2018-sub} but this approach has not led to a consensus for cultivated strawberry.{Liston 2020; Edger 2020} Here we resolve this controversy using a complementary strategy that focuses on the chromosomal distribution of transposable elements and depends only on the octoploid sequence itself.{Session 2016; Mitros 2020} Our method independently confirms the consensus that two of the four subgenomes derived from the diploid lineages ofF. vescaandF. iinumae.{Tennessen 2014; Edger 2019} For the remaining two subgenomes, however, we find a statistically well-supported partitioning that differs from ref. {Edger 2019} and other work (reviewed in {Hardigan 2020}). We also provide evidence for a shared allohexaploid intermediate and suggest a neutral explanation for the “dominance” of theF. vesca-related subgenome.</jats:p

Kif2a Scales Meiotic Spindle Size in Hymenochirus boettgeri.

Size is a fundamental feature of biological systems that affects physiology at all levels. For example, the dynamic, microtubule-based spindle that mediates chromosome segregation scales to a wide range of cell sizes across different organisms and cell types. Xenopus frog species possess a variety of egg and meiotic spindle sizes, and differences in activities or levels of microtubule-associated proteins in the egg cytoplasm between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis have been shown to account for spindle scaling [1]. Increased activity of the microtubule severing protein katanin scales the X.&nbsp;tropicalis spindle smaller compared to X.&nbsp;laevis [2], as do elevated levels of TPX2, a protein that enriches the cross-linking kinesin-5 motor Eg5 at spindle poles [3]. To examine the conservation of spindle scaling mechanisms more broadly across frog species, we have utilized the tiny, distantly related Pipid frog Hymenochirus boettgeri. We find that egg extracts from H.&nbsp;boettgeri form meiotic spindles similar in size to X.&nbsp;tropicalis but that TPX2 and katanin-mediated scaling is not conserved. Instead, the microtubule depolymerizing motor protein kif2a functions to modulate spindle size. H.&nbsp;boettgeri kif2a possesses an activating phosphorylation site that is absent from X.&nbsp;laevis. Comparison of katanin and kif2a phosphorylation sites across a variety of species revealed strong evolutionary conservation, with X.&nbsp;laevis and X.&nbsp;tropicalis possessing distinct and unique alterations. Our study highlights the diversity and complexity of spindle assembly and scaling mechanisms, indicating that there is more than one way to assemble a spindle of a particular size