Maritime security strategies and resources against irregular immigration: comparative analysis of Spain, European Union and African Union

La actual crisis migratoria que sufre Europa en los últimos años, ha conllevado que sea considerada la inmigración irregular como un riesgo o amenaza para la Seguridad en las recientes Estrategias de Seguridad Marítimas, concretamente en los ámbitos de España, Unión Europea y Unión Africana. Conviene entonces determinar a partir de estas Estrategias, qué grado de amenaza constituye la inmigración irregular por vía marítima y los medios disponibles para hacerla frente, analizando su posible compatibilidad regional, especialmente en lo relativo a la posibilidad de actuaciones conjuntas haciendo uso, incluso de medios militares.The current migration crisis that Europe has suffered in recent years has led to it being considered irregular immigration as a risk or threat to Security in the recent Maritime Security Strategies, specifically in the case of Spain, European Union and African Union. Therefore it´s appropriate to determine from these Strategies, what degree of threat constitutes irregular immigration by sea and the available resources to fight against it, analyzing their possible regional compatibility, especially with regard to the possibility of joint actions making use, even of military resources

Gibraltar, trabajadores fronterizos y controles de frontera

El aumento del control en frontera por parte de las autoridades españolas en la Verja de Gibraltar, ha sacado a la luz la situación jurídica del cruce de trabajadores fronterizos españoles que desempeñan una actividad profesional en Gibraltar. Además, la normativa europea recoge un régimen particular que España sistemáticamente ha estado incumpliendo.The increased border control by Spanish authorities in the Gibraltar Fence, has brought to light the legal situation of border crossing of Spanish frontier workers who perform a professional activity in Gibraltar. In this context, european legislation includes a special regime for them that Spain has consistently been failing

The New European Pact on Migration and Asylum and its impact on the common security and defence policy

El Nuevo Pacto sobre Migración y Asilo de la Comisión Europea, aprobado en septiembre de 2020, presenta una serie de propuestas legislativas en la consecución de un enfoque integrado ante la realidad migratoria. No obstante, no parece que exista a fecha de hoy un auténtico consenso entre los Estados miembros a fin de lograr una verdadera política migratoria común. Por otra parte, la posible incidencia del Nuevo Pacto en la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa demuestra, en nuestra opinión, un claro reconocimiento a su labor de control fronterizo y lucha contra el tráfico ilícito de inmigrantes.The New European Pact on Migration and Asylum, adopted in September 2020, presents a series of legislative proposals in pursuit of an integrated approach to the reality of migration. However, to date there does not seem to be a real consensus among Member States to achieve a genuine common migration policy. On the other hand, the possible impact of the New Pact on the Common Security and Defense Policy demonstrates, in our opinion, a clear recognition of its work in border control and the fight against immigrant smuggling

Computing the rational torsion of an elliptic curve using Tate normal form

It is a classical result (apparently due to Tate) that all elliptic curves with a torsion point of order n (4 ≤ n ≤ 10, or n = 12) lie in a oneparameter family. However, this fact does not appear to have been used ever for computing the torsion of an elliptic curve. We present here a extremely down–to–earth algorithm using the existence of such a family.Junta de Andalucí

A clear signature of the breakup modes for 9Be on a proton target at 5.6 MeV/nucleon

The breakup of 9Be is studied via an inelastic scattering experiment on a proton target at 5.6 A MeV in inverse kinematics. Two of the three cluster constituents (α and α) as well as the proton target recoil were recorded in a triple coincidence mode allowing a full kinematics approach analysis. In this respect relative α - α and α - n, Q-value and 9Be excitation spectra, energy spectra for all fragments as well as the energy spectrum of the recoil proton were reconstructed. A clear signature of the two breakup sequential modes (5He + 4He and 8Be + n) was identified via the recoiling proton reconstructed spectra together with the direct breakup decay. A strong 5He + 4He mode was observed compatible with previous beta decay experiments

Inmigración irregular y derecho

La inmigración irregular representa una de los mayores retos a los que se enfrenta Andalucía en los últimos años. En efecto, el aumento desorbitado de entradas en el territorio de la Unión Europea a través del Estrecho de Gibraltar, pone de manifiesto la urgente necesidad de establecer y desarrollar instrumentos sociales, humanitarios y materiales de primera necesidad para afrontar las muy diversas problemáticas que conlleva esta avalancha humana, profundamente motivada por las fracturas de desigualdad que atraviesan el planeta. Igualmente, el fenómeno de la inmigración irregular hace patente la perentoria necesidad de una mayor regulación de estas cuestiones en los ámbitos internacional, europeo y español. Sin lugar a dudas, la cuestión de la inmigración irregular se sitúa entre los temas preferentes de preocupación para el ciudadano. Esta inquietud se intensifica en la provincia de Cádiz, tradicional puerta de entrada a Occidente de aquellas personas que desean una situación mejor y más estable más allá de su propio hogar; personas que buscan un “futuro”, o sencillamente, sobrevivir

Cooperation in the Campo de Gibraltar after Brexit. New framework for frontier workers

Brexit has directly impacted Spain’s relationship with the UK due to the Gibraltar issue. The British withdrawal from the EU has forced the redefinition of the European statute of Gibraltar, and its relations with Spain and the European Union, in institutional, legal and economic terms. In this context, novel mechanisms have also been devised to regulate the treatment of cross-border cooperation with Gibraltar, which has had intermittent phases in its evolution over time. Within the framework of the British exit process, a new model has been agreed in successive EU-UK agreements that combine Hard Law (Primary EU Law) with Soft Law (Memoranda of Understanding–MOU). This regulation has required a specific prior BritishSpanish negotiation. We will especially highlight the UK-EU Withdrawal Treaty of 2019, which has formed an authentic system of crossborder cooperation involving the UK, the EU, Gibraltar and Spain, through a series of Spanish-British bilateral Memoranda interconnected with the Protocol on Gibraltar of the Treaty, which in turn refers to the Tax Treaty. It is a new system of concrete cooperation on the rights of citizens and border workers, among other matter

Assessment Methods for Service-Learning Projects in Engineering in Higher Education: A Systematic Review.

Service-learning (SL) helps engineering students to be involved in community activities and to be motivated by their studies. Although several reviews and research studies have been published about SL, it is not widespread in sciences and engineering at the university level. The purpose of this research is to analyze the different community services or projects where SL is implemented by engineering students and faculty and to identify the procedures that were usually implemented to assess SL-based courses and activities. Assessment could be considered as the evaluation of a specific module and the engineering competencies, the evaluation of the effectiveness of the SL program, the assessment of the participation of the student in those programs, and the assessment of whether students have achieved certain outcomes or gained specific skills. We conducted a systematic review with a search in three scientific databases: Scopus, Science Direct, and ERIC educational database to analyze the assessment methods and what that assessment covers. From 14,107 publications related to SL, 120 documents were analyzed to inform the conclusions of this study. We found that SL is widely used in several universities as experiential education, and it is considered an academic activity. The most widely used assessment technique is a survey to evaluate the engagement and attitudes of students and, to a lesser extent, teamwork presentations.post-print828 K

La consolidación europea de Ceuta Melilla y los otros territorios españoles en el Norte de África

Ceuta, Melilla y los territorios españoles en la costa norteafricana tienen ciertas peculiaridades en Derecho Europeo. Son, desde luego, parte integrante del Reino de España, miembro de la UE. Pero las Ciudades cuentan con algunas especificidades que se establecieron en el Acta de Adhesión de España de 1985 a las entonces Comunidades Europeas. La principal va referida a la no integración en la Unión Aduanera. Y es de destacar que posteriormente, en 1991, en el momento de la Adhesión al Convenio de Aplicación de Schengen de 1990, España realizó unas Declaraciones relativas a las Ciudades de Ceuta y Melilla en el Acta final, especificando que la integración en Schengen conllevaba una excepción para las Ciudades, en la medida en que se instauraba un doble control de frontera exterior