Fault Diagnosis Method for Mobile Ad-hoc Network by Using Smart Neural Networks

AbstractMANETs are dynamic collection of autonomous nodes that communicate with each other via wireless connections. One of the events that the network should have expected it to be a fault, and the behavior is more important, in this network. So that fault diagnosis can effect on final performance of the network in such a way that it does not fall under the negative impact of the fault. A non-linear neural network is a statistical method for modeling data or the tools to make decisions. Artificial neural network is a method for pattern recognition and classification. Error detection is a problem of categorization or classification. The use of neural networks can be useful in fault diagnosis in MANETs because of fault diagnosis is a classification problem. But one problem with this method is placed in a local optimum. Here a method based on the combination of the back-propagation algorithm, a local search algorithm and learning automata as efficient global search, is proposed. In the proposed method, the algorithm of learning automata adjusting learning rate on neural network according to given formula. For training and testing the neural network of the mobile network parameters that were measured, were used as input and output. The results show that the proposed method in terms of repeatability, reliability and lack of placement in a local optimum is better

Availability Analysis of Predictive Hybrid M-Out-of-N Systems

In m-out-of-n system, if m-out-of-n modules agree, system can report consensus; otherwise, the system fails. On the other hand, in predictive hybrid system if there is no agreement, a history record of previous successful result(s) is used to predict the output. In order to analyze the availability of predictive hybrid redundancy system, Markov modeling is utilized. By using Markov model of the system in steady state, the availability is derived and compared with m-out-of-n system. The results of simulation demonstrated that the availability of predictive hybrid system is higher than m-out-of-n system especially for large m

Comparative Study of Growth Patterns for Three Strains of Broiler Chickens Using Mathematical Models

The aim of the current study was to investigate the growth pattern of three genetic strains of broiler chickens including Ross 308, Cobb and Arbor Acres by mathematical models. For this purpose, the body weight of 500 broilers for each strain was recorded weekly. Gompertz, Logistic and Richards functions were considered for data fitting. Three functions were compared by adjusted determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). For all three models, R2 had high values, ranging from 0.987 to 0.999. The difference among the fitted functions by RMSE was significant compared to the R2. The Richards function had more appropriate description for the growth curve of the Cobb strain, because of having the minimum RMSE, 61.57 compared to 85.43 and 66.61, for Gompertz and Logistic functions, respectively. However, the Gompertz function with the maximum R2, and the minimum RMSE, 73.32 and 3237, respectively, was the most suitable function to describe the growth curve of Arbor Acres strain

Preparation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Cochleate-based Carriers for Insulin

Introduction: Cochleates are  cylindrical lipid structures that are more stable against oxidation and temperature than liposomes.  Our research is formulation of  cochleates for oral delivery of insulin as a model protein drug. Protein drugs are softer from environmental degradation and poor oral absorption; therefore any carrier system for their oral delivery must have protection against enzymes and absorption  enhancing ability. Methods and Results: In this study, liposomes with different proportion of lipids (DPPC and DMPC) and cholesterol were prepared by film hydration method and converted to cochleates by hydrogel method with CaCl2 and MgCl2. Microscopically observation of structures was carried out by phase-contrast microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Physicochemical characteristics of these structures were evaluated by measuring size distribution  using with  laser light scattering technique, entrapment efficiency percentage, investigation of release profile, and stability of selected cochleates. HPLC method  was used for analytical evaluation of entrapped and released insulin.Best formulation of liposomes contains 70% of lipid and 30% of cholesterol. According to microscopic size distribution, cochleates with CaCl2 bridges were better. The size of vesicles was less than 6 µm. Insulin entrapment efficiency of cochleates with DPPC was more than DMPC type. Between 60-70% of encochleated insulin released after 2-4 hours in a buffer with pH 6.8. Conclusions:The results shows that cochleates can be suitable oral delivery systems for insulin

Amphotericin-B and vancomycin-loaded chitosan nanofiber for antifungal and antibacterial application

In the present study, a mucoadhesive non-woven fiber mat (d= 116 nm) was fabricated by the electrospinning method using chitosan (80% Wt), polyethylene oxide (10% Wt), cysteine (4% Wt) and drugs (6% Wt), respectively. In addition, a comparative study was conducted to define effect of drugs and mucoadhesive agent on the nanofiber formation. FTIR, SEM, DSC and DMA were used to investigate the chemical and physical properties of the nanofibers. In vitro release of the drugs was assessed over a 48-hour period by the total immersion method. Release data were fitted to kinetic models, including the zero-order, first-order, Higuchi matrix, and Hixson–Crowell. Zone inhibition investigations were used to describe the inhibition content of vancomycin and amphotericin B loaded in the mats. The SEM images displayed a slight decrease in the fiber diameter with adding drugs and mucoadhesive agents. FTIR spectra confirmed that any undesirable reaction between VAN–AMB and CS-PEO was not observed. DSC test recognized the uniform distribution of drugs in the polymeric bead of the fiber without any crystal form. The elasticity modulus of the nanofiber was in an acceptable range for oral mucosa (approximately 5 Mpa). The results indicated that biodegradable mucoadhesive nanofibrous membranes released high concentrations of VAN in the first 24 hours, but the AMB release was affected in more controlled phenomena

Availability analysis of predictive hybrid M-out-of-N systems

In m-out-of-n system, if m-out-of-n modules agree, system can report consensus; otherwise, the system fails. On the other hand, in predictive hybrid system if there is no agreement, a history record of previous successful result(s) is used to predict the output. In order to analyze the availability of predictive hybrid redundancy system, Markov modeling is utilized. By using Markov model of the system in steady state, the availability is derived and compared with m-out-of-n system. The results of simulation demonstrated that the availability of predictive hybrid system is higher than m-out-of-n system especially for large m

Multicast Data Replication Approach for Improving Fault Tolerance in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Multicast data replication provides a possible solution for improving data accessibility in highly dynamic and fault prone mobile ad hoc environments. Our novel multicast data replication approach operates in a self-organizing manner where the network nodes that has unit host detector construct a connected dominating set (CDS) based on the topology graph by collecting information from neighboring nodes using multicast if gathered data from neighbors have two non-adjacent neighbors then use that virtual backbone for efficient data replication, data search and routing. In this study, we compare our proposed approach with SCALAR and evaluate it in average hop counts and successful delivery ratio with different node numbers and speeds.It is shown that the average hop counts increased but with falling rate and 20 percent successful delivery ratio is achieved, so it is demonstrated that PM act with respect to fault tolerance improvement, power consumption and load balancing is occurred