DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SITUS BERSEJARAH DALAM PAI

The learning activities is a series of activities and interaction between students and teachers that are controlled through planning based on the achievement of learning and teaching. Implementation of the learning process needs to be done systematically based on instructional procedures that have been developed and specified in the plan. Therefore, to understand and implement the procedure of learning in group learning, individual very urgent to be understood and developed. In general stages into three stages of learning as early learning activities, the core activities of learning and teaching activities end. Therefore, the learning process needs to be pursued through a systematic procedure and systemic. The learning procedure is a sequential process in shaping the students' ability in accordance with its intended purpose. Lesson study can be conducted in three phases, namely the level of planning, executing level and extent reflect a sustainable manner. But it will all be meaningless if it is not supported by their media appropriate learning and support to these activities, instructional media design can be adapted to the needs, because it is so closely related to the method used. In the context of PAI, historic sites so need to be used, because the presence of the PAI is inseparable from the history and civilization of Muslims, so the design of learning development will be very urgent and essential if learning PAI juxtaposed with the historic sites

Averaged kernel floor localization algorithm for multi-floor WLAN positioning

Multi-floor positioning is important especially to locate a user correctly in an urban area where multi-level buildings are located. In two-stage (vertical and horizontal) positioning, floor level is first determined prior to horizontal localization. Correct floor determination is crucial to ensure proper database selection for horizontal localization. This paper proposes a floor localization algorithm, the averaged kernel floor, which applies clustering technique and kernel density function to estimate the floor location of the user. The results show that the floor level could be determined accurately up to 91.7% in the tested environment. Additionally, the proposed algorithm has very low processing time of about 29 times lower compared to previous floor localization algorithms

DESAIN PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SITUS BERSEJARAH DALAM PAI

The learning activities is a series of activities and interaction between students and teachers that are controlled through planning based on the achievement of learning and teaching. Implementation of the learning process needs to be done systematically based on instructional procedures that have been developed and specified in the plan. Therefore, to understand and implement the procedure of learning in group learning, individual very urgent to be understood and developed.In general stages into three stages of learning as early learning activities, the core activities of learning and teaching activities end. Therefore, the learning process needs to be pursued through a systematic procedure and systemic. The learning procedure is a sequential process in shaping the students' ability in accordance with its intended purpose. Lesson study can be conducted in three phases, namely the level of planning, executing level and extent reflect a sustainable manner. But it will all be meaningless if it is not supported by their media appropriate learning and support to these activities, instructional media design can be adapted to the needs, because it is so closely related to the method used. In the context of PAI, historic sites so need to be used, because the presence of the PAI is inseparable from the history and civilization of Muslims, so the design of learning development will be very urgent and essential if learning PAI juxtaposed with the historic sites

Persepsi masyarakat terhadap program pengimarahan masjid di negeri Pahang: Satu analisis

Kajian ini bertujuan melihat persepsi masyarakat terhadap program pengimarahan masjid di negeri Pahang. Perlunya diperbetulkan persepsi masyarakat yang menganggap bahawa fungsi masjid hanya terbatas kepada tempat beribadah dan mendirikan solat jemaah sahaja. Jika ahli masyarakat sendiri gagal atau kurang berminat untuk mengimarahkan masjid, akibatnya banyaklah gejala sosial yang berlaku dalam masyarakat gagal ditangani dengan baik. Contohnya pelbagai kejadian yang amat merungsingkan berlaku di hadapan mata kita, mahupun yang didedahkan di dalam akhbar. Ia bukan sahaja berlaku dalam kalangan generasi muda dan remaja, malah turut terpalit dalam golongan dewasa. Pentadbiran dan pengurusan masjid perlulah dikemaskini terutamanya dari sudut kemahiran pengurusan secara profesional. Seramai 30 orang responden telah dipilih dalam kajian rintis tersebut. 18 orang adalah responden lelaki dan 12 orang adalah responden perempuan. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan kaedah campuran, iaitu kaedah kualitatif dan kaedah kuantitif. Bagi mengumpulkan data dan maklumat yang diperlukan, kajian ini terbahagi kepada dua iaitu kajian perpustakaan dan kajian lapangan. Kajian ini berbentuk deskriptif. Data telah dianalisis melalui SPSS versi 2.3. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan persepsi masyarakat terhadap perjalanan kelas agama di masjid, pengurusan masjid serta penceramah, keseluruhannya adalah baik dan memuaskan

Optimization of Machining Parameters in Turning Operation Using PSO and AIS Algorithms: A Survey

In recent manufacturing, the optimization of turning processes is one of important problems which aim to increase competitiveness and product quality. However, the choice of optimal machining parameters is difficult and complex. Traditionally, the selections is heavily relies on trial and error methods which is tedious and unreliable. Metaheuristics methods have been proposed over the last decade to overcome these problems. This paper presents a survey for optimizing the parameters of turning operation using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Immune System (AIS). This study deals with different machining performance in turning operation like surface roughness, material removal rate , tool wear , tool life, production cost, machining time and cutting temperature. Most papers in the field of turning parameters optimization are based on (PSO) algorithms, but only a few efforts that are using (AIS) algorithms. In addition, there is a gap of several machining operation parameters especially for cutting temperature optimization in turning operation using PSO and AIS

رأي الطلبة الماليزيين في استراتيجيات تدريس اللغة العربية باستخدام تدريبات الترجمة داخل الفصل: دراسة تحليلية

تحلل الدراسة إجابات الاستبانة من الطلبة الماليزيين إثر تعريضهم لاستراتيجيات تدريس اللغة العربية باستخدام تدريبات الترجمة لمعرفة رأيهم في هذه الاستراتيجيات، وفوائدها في تحسين بيئة تعلّمهم للغة العربية داخل الفصل؛ ويقصد باستراتيجيات التدريس مجموعة من الخطوات الآتية: إعداد تدريبات ترجمية لمعرفة إجاباتهم وتحليل أخطائها على مستوى اللفظ والتركيب والأسلوب، ثم تعرض الأخطاء للمناقشة مع الطلبة وإبراز طرق التغلب عليها بتنويههم إلى الفروق اللغوية بين اللغتين التي تؤدي إلى تلك الأخطاء بسبب الترجمة المباشرة أو الحرفية أو النقص في معرفة المتلازمات والدلالة والسياق للفظ و العبارة والجملة. وبعد ذلك توزع عليهم الاستبانة على لمعرفة رأيهم في هذه الاستراتيجيات في تحسين بيئة تعلّمهم العربية داخل الفصل. تبينت من إجابات الاستبانة الأمور الآتية: رأى أغلبيتهم أن إستراتيجيات التدريس المستخدمة لها إيجابياتها في تحسين إلمامهم عن الأمور التي ينبغي تجنبها عن الأخطاء الناتجة عن الترجمة المباشرة، ونقص معرفتهم في الفروق اللغوية في المتلازمات والسياق والدلالة للفظ والعبارة والجملة، وقد دفعتهم الاستراتيجيات المستخدمة إلى التعلّم الذاتي الذي أثرى معرفتهم في المفردات، والجوانب النّحويّة، والصّرفيّة، والأساليب وغيرها. The study analyses feedbacks from questionnaires from a group Malaysian Arabic learners after engaging them with Arabic teaching strategies that made use of translation exercises in order to know their views on the use of the strategies and the advantages they gained in improving their class room learning environment of Arabic. The teaching strategies include the following steps: preparing the translation exercises to know their answers and analysing the errors on the word, phrase and sentence level; the errors were presented and discussed in the classroom; the errors were explained to make them aware of the means to avoid them. This was done by explaining the linguistic differences between Malay and Arabic that were attributable to those mistakes that were resulted from direct or literal translation or lack of knowledge in connotations of words, meanings and contexts. Afterwards, questionnaires were distributed to know their view on the teaching strategies used in improving their classroom Arabic teaching environment. The answers from the questionnaires revealed the following: distributing the exercises, collecting them and analysing the answers. Students were engaged in discussion and the errors committed were explained and corrected. Questionnaire to know their perception on the effectiveness of the strategy was distributed and analysed. The study concluded, among others: that there are positive aspects of the teaching strategies using translation exercises in teaching Arabic as second language as they help the students to become more aware of the pitfalls of direct translation and their lack of knowledge in the linguistic differences in the connotations, meanings and contexts of words, phrase and sentences. The strategies also managed to encourage them to self-study, an experience that helps them to enrich knowledge in Arabic vocabularies, grammar and morphology and sentence styles

Higher education grant system and challenges in Pakistan: a brief review

This paper discusses about the background of higher education system, grant distribution system and its related issues and challenges at higher education institutions in Pakistan. Accordingly, higher education is considered as a broad horizon of vision which explores the possibilities and offers awareness to new doors for development. In this study, briefed literature based on recently published work by higher education commission of Pakistan has been and concluded. As per overall results, the government of Pakistan does not give preference for the increment of education budged due to national security and terrorism in the country. While, higher education commission of Pakistan has taken sufficient and effective measures for the enhancement of the system of higher education institutions in Pakistan. Moreover, higher education commission of Pakistan also focused for the development of research culture in public privet universities. In, conclusion, this research paper provides the detailed indication of grant distribution system and education policies along with associated issues in Islamic republic of Pakistan

Post-Thoracotomy Pain: Review Article

Background: Thoracotomy is a very painful surgical procedure that is used to get access into the pleural space, to the lungs, to the heart, to the esophagus or to get access to the thoracic aorta or anterior mediastinum. Objective: To study different modalities of treatment used for post thoracotomy pain control. Recent Findings: Inadequate post-thoracotomy analgesia enhances the postoperative stress response with deleterious effects on respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urinary, immune and coagulation systems. In addition to anxiety and increased risk of Post Thoracotomy Pain Syndrome (PTPS), which can interfere with normal life and may persist for years or even for life?Conclusion: Providing adequate post-thoracotomy analgesia can be challenging, as patients are often elderly or having multiple comorbidities. A multimodal approach is considered in managing post-thoracotomy pain starting with preemptive analgesia and cognitive behavioral modalities in addition to conventional multimodal systemic regimens as opioids, acetaminophen, NSAID, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2-specific inhibitors, gabapentin and pregabalin, steroids, IV lidocaine infusion, ketamine, and many regional analgesic modalities to avoid or decrease adverse effects of systemic regimens. These regional analgesic modalities include thoracic epidural blocks, thoracic paravertebral blocks, intrathecal opioid analgesia, serratus anterior plane blocks, intercostal nerve blocks, interscalene block, erector spinae block and interpleural block

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019

Background: Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods: GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk–outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk–outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk–outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings: The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10·8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9·51–12·1) deaths (19·2% [16·9–21·3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8·71 million (8·12–9·31) deaths (15·4% [14·6–16·2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253–350) DALYs (11·6% [10·3–13·1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0–9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10–24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25–49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50–74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation: Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licens

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods: GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings: Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990–2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0–9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10–24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10–24 years were also in the top ten in the 25–49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50–74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation: As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and developm nt investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 5 including Federation University Australia affiliate “Muhammad Rahman” is provided in this record*