Índice de progreso social del distrito de Virú

El producto bruto interno per cápita es considerado hoy el principal indicador económico que mide el desarrollo de los países; sin embargo, este indicador no representa plenamente el nivel de satisfacción de las necesidades de la población. Es por ello que nace el Índice de Progreso Social (IPS) desarrollado por el Social Progress Imperative, el cual cuenta tres dimensiones: (a) Necesidades Humanas Básicas, (b) Fundamentos del Bienestar, y (c) Oportunidades, integradas cada una de ellas por cuatro componentes. Este índice tiene como objetivo medir los resultados de la aplicación de las políticas gubernamentales orientadas a la satisfacción de estas necesidades. Bajo esta metodología, se calculó el IPS del distrito de Virú, arrojando como resultado 57.20 y ubicándose en un rango de calificación “Medio bajo”, rango que además es compartido por las tres dimensiones del índice; debemos precisar que, dentro de las dimensiones, existen tres componentes que han alcanzado una calificación mayor al rango promedio (entre “Medio alto”, y “Alto”) y cinco que se encuentran dentro de un rango menor al promedio (entre “Muy bajo” y “Extremo Bajo); los cuales son analizados frente al Plan de Desarrollo Concertado del Municipio y otros instrumentos de gobierno. Algunos de estos compontes se encuentran incluidos de manera directa, con planes de acción e indicadores de medición, mientras que otros no han sido considerados. Asimismo, para la realización del presente estudio, dividimos al distrito en dos sectores que fueron determinados de acuerdo a su ubicación geográfica, tomando como punto de referencia el corte efectuado por el paso de la carretera panamericana; siendo que el sector 1 (lado este) obtuvo un IPS de 58.95, rango “Medio bajo”; mientras que el sector 2 (lado oeste) arrojó un IPS de 50.07, rango “Bajo”. Esta diferencia determina distintas carencias para cada sector, así como diferentes oportunidades de mejora que la gestión gubernamental deberá tomar en consideración para la elaboración de sus planes de acción.Nowadays, the Gross Domestic Product per capita is considered the main economic indicator that measures the development of the countries. However, this indicator does not totally fully describe the unmet needs of the population. That is why the Social Progress Index (SPI) developed by the Social Progress Imperative is born, which has three dimensions: (a) Basic human needs, (b) Fundamentals of well-being and (c) Opportunities, each one also integrated by four components; The purpose of this indicator is to measure the results of government policies application oriented to the satisfaction of this needs. Under this methodology, the IPS of the district of Virú was calculated, getting a result of 57.20 and placing itself in a "Medium Low" rating range, a range that is also shared by the three dimensions of the index; we must specify that, within the dimensions, there are three components that have achieved a higher rating than the average range (between "Medium High", and "High") and five that are within a lower than average range (between "Very low" "And" Extreme Low); which are analyzed against the Concerted Development Plan of the Municipality and other government instruments. Some of these components are included directly, with action plans and measurement indicators, while others have not been considered. Likewise, in order to make this investigation, we divided the district into two sectors that were determined according to their geographical location, taking as a point of reference the cut made by the passage of the Pan-American highway; being that sector 1 (east side) obtained an SPI of 58.95, "medium low" range; while sector 2 (west side) showed an SPI of 50.07, "Low" range. This difference determines different deficiencies for each sector as well as different opportunities for improvement that government management should take into consideration for the preparation of their action plans.Tesi

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified