〈全文〉 近代語コーパス設計のための文献言語研究 成果報告書

国立国語研究所大阪大学国立国語研究所明治大学岩手大学二松学舎大学北京外国語大学国立国語研究所啓明大学成城大学国立国語研究所国立国語研究

A Study of The Adoption and Utilization of High-Tech Technologies at The Hospital Level under The Global Budget System in Taiwan: The Case of Multi Detectors Computed Tomography (MDCT)

[[abstract]]背景：高科技醫療是造成醫療費用上漲主因之一。健保局自2001 年起實施總額預算支付制度，雖已適當控制健保醫療費用的成長，但醫院對高科技醫療之採行、擴散情形以及高科技醫療利用是否因總額預算實施而有所改變，仍有待探討。目標：以多偵測器電腦斷層掃描儀(Multi Detector Computed Tomography: MDCT)為例，探討總額預算實施後，台灣區區域以上醫院購置MDCT 原因及擴散情形，以及醫療利用是否有所改變。方法：(一) 以檔案分析方式及研究者蒐集整理，以瞭解總額預算實施後MDCT在台灣擴散之情形。(二) 以郵寄問卷調查之方式，訪問醫院放射部門主管、醫工部門主管，以瞭解醫院採購MDCT 的主要因素，以及使用MDCT於健保及自費醫療之利用人次。(三) 最後以行政院衛生署2000 年至2005年『醫療院所現況暨服務量調查』資料檔分析醫療院所購置CT 台數及其醫療服務量改變之趨勢。結果：醫院權屬別為私立醫院、醫師數越多、病床數越多者，越有可能購買MDCT；區域以上醫院採購MDCT 之原因，依回覆問卷填答百分比由高至低前五項分別為：『提高醫療品質』、『臨床需求』、『增進檢查效率』、『發展自費市場』、『提高醫院名聲』等。醫院購置MDCT 前後，CT 醫療利用人次變化無顯著差異。 結論：總額預算實施對私立醫院採用高科技醫療設備無顯著影響，裝置MDCT 後CT 醫療利用人次無明顯改變

Pulp Fiber Lumen Loading by Calcium Carbonate Precipitation

以碳酸鈣作為填料，能提高紙張的白度及平滑度，然而附著於纖維表面之碳酸鈣，則 會阻礙纖維的鍵結，因此非常需要發展紙漿纖維內腔充填技術，以克服上述的問題。本研究以 製漿常用之桉樹材 (Eucalyptus sp.) 和紅樹材 (Rhizophora sp.) 為原料的混合漂白乾漿板與濕 漿板兩種，以化學沉澱法製作碳酸鈣之紙漿纖維內腔填充，並運用掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 觀 察填充結果。在 CaCl2 - Na2CO3 系填充中，濕漿板之填充效果比乾漿板佳。在移除過量CaCl2 溶液處理後，反應溫度40 ℃，有較佳之填充效果。以SEM 觀察填充結果，發現碳酸鈣確實可 填充於纖維內腔及壁孔中。以碳酸鈣填充之漿料經抄紙後，紙張之光學性質隨著填充量增加而 提升，但紙張強度卻有所降低。本研究並利用PAMAM amidoamine 樹枝狀界面活性劑 (dendrimer) 進行添加，以降低碳酸鈣結晶之大小，提高填充效果。在CaCl2 – (NH4)2CO3 系及 CaCl2–Na2CO3 系中，填充量皆會隨著PAMAM dendrimer 添加量的增加而提高，最大填充量分 別為2.90%及4.43%。且以SEM 觀察CaCO3 填充形狀及晶型，結果推論“PAMAM 之添加” 可能會同時具有球狀CaCO3 晶型之球霰石 (Vaterite) 及菱面體CaCO3 晶型之方解石 (Calcite) 的形成。Loading of pulp fiber lumen can improve brightness and smoothness without reduc-ing strength of final paper products. This work used wood fibers from a commercial blend of Euca-lyptus and Rhizophora sp. bleached kraft pulp as air-dried pulpsheet and wet pulpsheet. Loading of wood fibers was carried out with chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate. The optimum operating condition and the physical properties of handsheets derived from loaded fibers were discussed; in ad-dition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilized to observe the loading effects of calcium carbonate. In the loading by CaCl2 - Na2CO3 system, wet pulpsheet had better loading effect than that of air-dried ones. After the excess of CaCl2 solution was drained, the reaction temperature of 40 ℃ resulted to the better loading. The filler loading levels into wet pulpsheet were higher than ones into air-dried pulpsheet. The SEM photographs showed that calcium carbonate precipitated in the lumen and pits. For handsheets of loaded fibers, the strength decreased with increasing filler loading level, but the optical properties (brightness and opacity) were improved. Since PAMAM amidoamine den-drimer can precipitate calcium carbonate into smaller diameter crystals, it was applied in pulp fiber loading as well. In the loading using CaCl2 – (NH4)2CO3 and CaCl2 –Na2CO3 systems (with PAMAM dendrimer addition), the filler loading level increased with increasing addition of PAMAM den-drimer, up to 2.9% and 4.43% respectively. The SEM photographs suggested that calcium carbonate precipitation could form spherical vaterite and rhombohedral calcite by PAMAM dendrimer addition

臺灣中部森林遊樂區木屋顏色之特徵

中臺灣之溪頭及惠蓀林場森林遊樂區及清境農場之民宿木屋大多呈黃或褐色。按孟賽爾表色系來分類，可歸屬於黃及褐色相、帶淺或深色之偏紅及黑色味之顏色。自然褐色系木屋色給遊客一種愉悅之穩重溫馨感。更有甚者，欣見中部遊樂區木屋內之木製家具亦多帶黃或褐色味。Because the appearance of most wooden houses are brownish or yellowish in the recreation areas of middle Taiwan., including Shi-Tou Forest, Hui-Sun Forest Area and Chin-Jin Farmland recreation area, their color attributes can be classified as dominant hu

紙品在休閒事業上之應用

The utilization of paper in leisure industry depends on the strength, water resistance, air resistance and grease resistance, softness of paper products. High tensile, fold endurance and water/grease resistance of paper fibers can be used as food packagin紙品在休閒事業上之應用視紙力、抗水性、抗透氣性、抗油性及衛生紙類之柔軟度而用途迥異。食品包裝紙類之紙纖維之高拉力∕耐折力為共同特性，雖然紙力可藉抄紙成形時之纖維交織加以控制，但其抗水性及乾∕濕強性尚須藉化學藥品之添加方為功。這些化學添加物可賦予紙張平滑度、印墨吸收性，外觀性及抗水性等功能。藉著塗佈技術提升紙之印刷適性及改善紙之表面平滑度可用於休閒業之包裝及廣告用途。塗佈紙及一般白紙可裝筷子。手感衛生紙之柔軟度、白度及吸水性為衛生紙類之重要性質。抗水蒸氣性如同紙力為速食店慣用之紙便當盒（或食品盒）之主要性

Determination of immune memory to hepatitis B vaccination through early booster response in college students.

The long-term protection of hepatitis B (HB) vaccination has been debated for years. The purpose here was to evaluate the kinetic changes of antibody to HB surface antigen (anti- HBs) and define immune memory of the HB vaccine among college students who had previously received full neonatal immunization against HB. In all, 127 college students aged 1823 years born after July 1984 who had completed HB vaccination and were seronegative for all three HB viral markers, including HB surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HB core protein (anti-HBc), and anti-HBs, were recruited. They received three doses of HB vaccine at enrollment, 1 month and 6 months after enrollment. Their anti-HBs titers were assayed at enrollment, 7-10 days, 1 month, 6 months, and 7 months following the first dose of HB vaccine. The anti-HBs seroprotective rates for subjects 7-10 days, 1 month, 6 months, and 7 months postvaccination were 20.5%, 75 .6%, 94.5%, and 99.2%, respectively. Those who were seroprotective at 7 to 10 days after one dose of HB vaccine booster developed significantly higher levels of anti-HBs at 1 and 6 months than those not developing seroprotective anti-HBs response at an earlier timepoint. Conclusion: At least one-quarter of HB vaccinees have lost their immune memory to the HB vaccine when entering college. Immune memory to HB vaccine was identified by early seroconversion, which was present in only 20% of vaccinees in the present study. To ensure higher than 90% anti-HBs seroconversion rates, at least 2 doses of HB booster vaccines are recommended for at-risk youths who received complete HB vaccinations in neonatal or infant periods but are seronegative for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc in adolescence

Concomitant therapy with cefmenoxime and cefsulodin for refractory complicated urinary tract infection (especially caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa)

CMX, CFSの併用療法を, 難治性で緑膿菌感染が疑われる複雑性尿路感染症を対象に行った.1)効果判定症例91例中総合有効率は73%であった.これらのうち緑膿菌検出例44例では75%, その他の細菌による感染例47例では70%の有効率であった.2)疾患病態群別総合臨床効果はカテーテル留置群を含めいずれの群でも60%以上の有効率を示した.3)細菌学的効果は全体で91%の消失率であり, そのうち緑膿菌82%, セラチア100%, シトロバクター100%, クレブシェラ100%などグラム陰性菌では特に高い消失率を示した.また投与後菌出現率は20%と比較的低率でその多くはYLOであった.4)自他覚的副作用発現頻度は2.4%, 臨床検査値異常化は7.4%にみられたがこれらはいずれも軽度かつ一過性であったCefmenoxime (2 g) and cefsulodin (1 g) were given twice daily for 5 days by concomitant intravenous drip infusion (mixed infusion) to 135 patients with complicated urinary tract infection (c-UTI) probably caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to the criteria proposed by the UTI committee in Japan. Ninety one subjects met the criteria for c-UTI and were evaluable for drug efficacy. P. aeruginosa was detected in 44 cases (including mixed infection with other organisms). The overall efficacy rate was 73% of the 91 cases; 75% of the 44 cases with P. aeruginosa and 70% in the 47 cases without P. aeruginosa infection. As to bacteriological response, the eradication rate was 91% (105/116) for all cases. By organism, the eradication rate for P. aeruginosa, Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. were 82 (36/44), 100 (12/12) and 100% (10/10), respectively. The eradication rate for gram-negative rods was 93% (99/107). Twenty-three strains appeared after treatment, and the majority of them (13) were yeast-like organisms. There was only one strain of P. aeruginosa. As for side effects, eruption was found in 2 cases. Cefmenoxime and cefsulodin were administered concomitantly to patients with c-UTI which was suspected to be caused by P. aeruginosa. The high overall efficacy rate of about 70% on the average was obtained regardless of the causative organism and disease state. The eradication rate of as high as about 90% was obtained excluding Enterococcus faecalis. Neither severe side effects nor abnormal laboratory values were found. It appeared, therefore, that this dosage regimen was useful for the treatment of refractory complicated urinary tract infection

CLINICAL EVALUATION OF FOSFOMYCIN FOR ACUTE LOWER URINARY TRACT INFECTION : A DOUBLE BLIND STUDY

1. Fosfomycin was administered to the patients with acute simple cystitis, and its clinical effect was comparatively surveyed with cephalexin as a control drug by means of a double blind study. 2. Fosfomycin was administered to 95 cases (7 dropped out) and cephalexin to 93 cases (7 dropped out). Both were compared as to general effect, antibacterial effect, urinary frequency, burning on urination, urinary pus cells, and change in urinary microorganisms. General effect was observed in 81 out of 83 cases of the fosfomycin group (effectiveness 97.6%) and in 78 out of 83 cases of the cephalexin group (effectiveness 94.0%). There was no significant difference statistically. As to other clinical effects, there was also no statistically significant difference between two groups, but fosfomycin was slightly better than cephalexin as to general effect, antibacterial effect, decrease of bacterial count, colonization and recurrence of cystitis