利手和非利手随意运动的全脑功能磁共振成像

目的 利用全脑功能磁共振成像(fMRI)技术，探讨参与利手和非利手简单随意运动的关键脑结构。方法 采用Siemens公司Sonata 1．5T磁共振成像系统，对7名健康右利手志愿者的利手或非利手食指按键运动进行了全脑扫描。数据经头动矫正、空间标准化、空间平滑等预处理后，通过互相关分析分别获得利手和非利手运动的脑激活统计参数图。结果 利手运动主要激活对侧初级运动区(MI)、双侧辅助运动区(SMA)、双侧运动二区(MII)和同侧小脑，而非利手运动除以上区域外还激活了对侧前运动区(PMC)，而且SMA和MII的激活体积大于利手运动。结论 全脑fMRI研究表明，随意运动依赖于大脑皮质和小脑等许多脑结构的参与.与利手运动相比，非利手运动更依赖于SMA和PMC等高级运动控制区

Whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of human brain during voluntary movements of dominant and subdominant hands

目的　利用全脑功能磁共振成像 (fMRI)技术 ,探讨参与利手和非利手简单随意运动的关键脑结构。方法　采用Siemens公司Sonata 1.5T磁共振成像系统 ,对 7名健康右利手志愿者的利手或非利手食指按键运动进行了全脑扫描。数据经头动矫正、空间标准化、空间平滑等预处理后 ,通过互相关分析分别获得利手和非利手运动的脑激活统计参数图。结果　利手运动主要激活对侧初级运动区 (MI)、双侧辅助运动区 (SMA)、双侧运动二区 (MII)和同侧小脑 ,而非利手运动除以上区域外还激活了对侧前运动区 (PMC) ,而且SMA和MII的激活体积大于利手运动。结论　全脑fMRI研究表明 ,随意运动依赖于大脑皮质和小脑等许多脑结构的参与。与利手运动相比 ,非利手运动更依赖于SMA和PMC等高级运动控制区。</p

荒漠地区公路建设环境保护与生态恢复技术

《荒漠地区公路建设环境保护与生态恢复技术》项目组通过资料收集、理论分析、室内外试验和工程实践,系统开展了荒漠地区公路建设与自然环境相互影响、荒漠地区公路建设的生态环境敏感性、荒漠地区公路建设环境保护与生态恢复技术集成以及典型区域公路建设环保与生态建设示范四方面研究,取得了如下主要创新性成果： 1．分析揭示了荒漠地区公路与环境的相互影响关系,建立了公路建设环境保护与生态恢复的基础平台。 2. 提出了荒漠地区公路路域生态功能重要性、环境敏感性和景观类型区划的原则与方法,建立了相应的区划体系。 3．构建了荒漠地区公路路域生态修复技术评价指标体系和评价数学模型。 4．提出了荒漠..

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials