Трансформації словника HAPAX LEGOMENA Дж.Д.Селінджера у художньому перекладі (Transformations of J. D. Salinger’s vocabulary of hapax legomena within literary translation)

Дослідження присвячено системному аналізу двохаспектної сутності перекладацької деформації, а саме: розкриттю характеру зв’язку об’єктивної та суб’єктивної деформацій у художньому перекладі «Дев’яти оповідань» Дж.Д. Селінджера у процесі адекватної передачі ідіостилю автора. Кількісні характеристики об’єктивної де формації на макростилістичному рівні тексту перекладу за показниками загальнотекстових індексів винятковості та різноманітності лексики автора актуалізують особливості суб’єктивної деформації – результату таких суб’єктивно-перекладацьких перетворень, які можуть призводити як до суттєвих відхилень від художнього завдання автора, так і до порушень норми цільової мови задля розширення її виражальних можливостей або досягнення прагматичної адекватності перекладу. The article focuses on many-facet and systemic studies of the two-aspect translation deformation (objective and subjective translation deformations), features and characteristics of this complex interlingual and intercultural phenomenon in English-Russian and English-Ukrainian texts of translation of J. D. Salinger’s «Nine Stories». The comparative quantitative translation analysis at the macro-stylistic text level through the textual indices of J. D. Salinger’s vocabulary exclusiveness and diversity has been fulfilled. The analysis helped to define the measure of objective translation deformation of J.D. Salinger’s macro-stylistics. The measure of objective translation deformation has been determined by means of the quantitative text characteristics. The hapax legomena quantitative parameters analyzed are aimed at highlighting the nature of subjective translation deformation as the result of such transformations in a translation text which distort a text form and substance systematically and lead to the essential translation deviations of the author’s artistic aim. Substantiated are subjective translation deformation’s grounds and characteristics in Ukrainian and Russian translations of J.D. Salinger’s «Nine Stories». The methods applied in the research can be attributed to studies of other idiostyles in translation and be of use for practicing translators in order to minimize inevitable and occasional losses on the way to adequate literary translation.

Quasi-lattice approximation of statistical systems with strong superstable interactions. Correlation functions

A continuous infinite system of point particles interacting via two-body strong superstable potential is considered in the framework of classical statistical mechanics. We define some kind of approximation of main quantities, which describe macroscopical and microscopical characteristics of systems, such as grand partition function and correlation functions. The pressure of an approximated system converge to the pressure of the initial system if the parameter of approximation $a\to 0$ for any values of an inverse temperature $\beta >0$ and a chemical activity $z$. The same result is true for the family of correlation functions in the region of small zComment: 25 page

Субъективная деформация стилистического инварианта оригинала романа “The Catcher in the Rye” Дж.Д. Сэлинджера в художественных переводах

У статті проаналізовано випадки суттєвих змін експресивного потенціалу сленгу як стилістичного інваріанта роману “The Catcher in the Rye” Дж.Д. Селінджера у художніх перекладах, виконаних О. Логвиненком, Р. Райт-Ковальовою та М. Нємцовим. Доведено, що системне накопичення нівелювань тематичної єдності та семантичної цілісності сленгової лексики в перекладі призводить до суб’єктивної деформації її стилістичного реєстру, а також емоційної та соціальної оцінки, тобто може дегармонізувати прагматичну цінність ідіостилю автора в культурі-приймачі. Встановлено, що високий ступінь творчої активності перекладача може розширювати виражальні можливості цільової мови, забезпечувати прагматичну адекватність перекладу, тобто свідчити про позитивний аспект перекладацької деформації.The article focuses on many-facet and systemic studies of the two-aspect translation deformation within literary translation. The phenomenon of the author’s idiostyle, i.e. the system of the author’s lingual features revealed in form and content which adds creativity to fiction, serves as a criterion for this research. Its topicality is determined by the increasing number of scholarly papers focused upon the notion of “translation deformation” as a multifaceted phenomenon in translation transformation system which implies both inter- and extralingual transformations in fiction. The issues of reproducing translation deformation as a possible feature of the translator’s creativity have been so far “underestimated” in translation studies, so the proposed approach seems to be perspective. The investigation into Ukrainian and Russian translation of J.D. Salinger’s fiction made it possible to find out the distinguishing features of objective and subjective deformations interacted. A number of thematic groups have been selected to determine the creativity of psychological and lingual characteristics of the protagonist in J.D. Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye”. The translations under study are abundant in deformations of various kinds: from euphemistic to vulgar, which cannot but tell on adequate representation of the protagonist’s image. The methods applied in the research can be attributed to studies of other idiostyles in translation and be of use for practicing translators in order to minimize inevitable and occasional losses on the way to adequate literary translation.В статье проанализированы случаи существенных изменений экспрессивного потенциала сленга как стилистического инварианта романа “The Catcher in the Rye” Дж.Д. Сэлинджера в художественных переводах, выполненных О. Логвиненко, Р. Райт-Ковалевой и М. Немцовым. Доказано, что системное накопление нивелирований тематического единства и семантической целостности сленговой лексики в переводе приводит к субъективной деформации ее стилистического реестра, а также эмоциональной и социальной оценки, то есть может дегармонизировать прагматическую ценность идиостиля автора в целевой культуре. Установлено, что высокая степень творческой активности переводчика может расширять выразительные возможности целевого языка, обеспечивать прагматическую адекватность перевода, то есть свидетельствовать о положительном аспект переводческой деформации

Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4

Proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to impair cognition; consequently, immune activity in the central nervous system was considered detrimental to cognitive function. Unexpectedly, however, T cells were recently shown to support learning and memory, though the underlying mechanism was unclear. We show that one of the steps in the cascade of T cell–based support of learning and memory takes place in the meningeal spaces. Performance of cognitive tasks led to accumulation of IL-4–producing T cells in the meninges. Depletion of T cells from meningeal spaces skewed meningeal myeloid cells toward a proinflammatory phenotype. T cell–derived IL-4 was critical, as IL-4−/− mice exhibited a skewed proinflammatory meningeal myeloid cell phenotype and cognitive deficits. Transplantation of IL-4−/− bone marrow into irradiated wild-type recipients also resulted in cognitive impairment and proinflammatory skew. Moreover, adoptive transfer of T cells from wild-type into IL-4−/− mice reversed cognitive impairment and attenuated the proinflammatory character of meningeal myeloid cells. Our results point to a critical role for T cell–derived IL-4 in the regulation of cognitive function through meningeal myeloid cell phenotype and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression. These findings might lead to the development of new immune-based therapies for cognitive impairment associated with immune decline

Immune Cell Recruitment and Cell-Based System for Cancer Therapy

Immune cells, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, B cells, and dendritic cells, have a central role in cancer immunotherapy. Conventional studies of cancer immunotherapy have focused mainly on the search for an efficient means to prime/activate tumor-associated antigen-specific immunity. A systematic understanding of the molecular basis of the trafficking and biodistribution of immune cells, however, is important for the development of more efficacious cancer immunotherapies. It is well established that the basis and premise of immunotherapy is the accumulation of effective immune cells in tumor tissues. Therefore, it is crucial to control the distribution of immune cells to optimize cancer immunotherapy. Recent characterization of various chemokines and chemokine receptors in the immune system has increased our knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response and tolerance based on immune cell localization. Here, we review the immune cell recruitment and cell-based systems that can potentially control the systemic pharmacokinetics of immune cells and, in particular, focus on cell migrating molecules, i.e., chemokines, and their receptors, and their use in cancer immunotherapy

СУБ’ЄКТИВНА ДЕФОРМАЦІЯ СТИЛІСТИЧНОГО ІНВАРІАНТУ ОРИГІНАЛУ РОМАНУ “THE CATCHER IN THE RYE” ДЖ.Д. СЕЛІНДЖЕРА У ХУДОЖНІХ ПЕРЕКЛАДАХ

The article focuses on many-facet and systemic studies of the two-aspect translation deformation within literary translation. The phenomenon of the author’s idiostyle, i.e. the system of the author’s lingual features revealed in form and content which adds creativity to fiction, serves as a criterion for this research. Its topicality is determined by the increasing number of scholarly papers focused upon the notion of “translation deformation” as a multifaceted phenomenon in translation transformation system which implies both inter- and extralingual transformations in fiction. The issues of reproducing translation deformation as a possible feature of the translator’s creativity have been so far “underestimated” in translation studies, so the proposed approach seems to be perspective. The investigation into Ukrainian and Russian translation of J.D. Salinger’s fiction made it possible to find out the distinguishing features of objective and subjective deformations interacted. A number of thematic groups have been selected to determine the creativity of psychological and lingual characteristics of the protagonist in J.D. Salinger’s “The Catcher in the Rye”. The translations under study are abundant in deformations of various kinds: from euphemistic to vulgar, which cannot but tell on adequate representation of the protagonist’s image. The methods applied in the research can be attributed to studies of other idiostyles in translation and be of use for practicing translators in order to minimize inevitable and occasional losses on the way to adequate literary translation.В статье проанализированы случаи существенных изменений экспрессивного потенциала сленга как стилистического инварианта романа “The Catcher in the Rye” Дж.Д. Сэлинджера в художественных переводах, выполненных О.Логвиненко, Р.Райт-Ковалевой и М.Немцовым. Доказано, что системное накопление нивелирований тематического единства и семантической целостности сленговой лексики в переводе приводит к субъективной деформации ее стилистического реестра, а также эмоциональной и социальной оценки, то есть может дегармонизировать прагматическую ценность идиостиля автора в целевой культуре. Установлено, что высокая степень творческой активности переводчика может расширять выразительные возможности целевого языка, обеспечивать прагматическую адекватность перевода, то есть свидетельствовать о положительном аспект переводческой деформации.У статті проаналізовано випадки суттєвих змін експресивного потенціалу сленгу як стилістичного інваріанта роману “The Catcher in the Rye” Дж.Д. Селінджера у художніх перекладах, виконаних О. Логвиненком, Р. Райт-Ковальовою та М. Нємцовим. Доведено, що системне накопичення нівелювань тематичної єдності та семантичної цілісності сленгової лексики в перекладі призводить до суб’єктивної деформації її стилістичного реєстру, а також емоційної та соціальної оцінки, тобто може дегармонізувати прагматичну цінність ідіостилю автора в культурі-приймачі. Встановлено, що високий ступінь творчої активності перекладача може розширювати виражальні можливості цільової мови, забезпечувати прагматичну адекватність перекладу, тобто свідчити про позитивний аспект перекладацької деформації

Двохаспектна природа перекладацької деформації в художньому перекладі

Ребенко М. Ю. Двохаспектна природа перекладацької деформації в художньому перекладі / М. Ю. Ребенко // Одеський лінгвістичний вісник. – 2014. – Вип. 4. – С. 215-218.Статтю присвячено системному аналізу двохаспектної сутності перекладацької деформації, а саме розкриттю характеру зв'язку об'єктивної та суб'єктивної деформацій у художньому перекладі інтелектуальної прози в процесі відтворення смислового та/або стилістичного інваріантів оригіналу

Online Learning Strategies in Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv as A Post-pandemic Outcome

The lockdown caused by the COVID-19 outbreak mainstreamed distance learning in all educational institutions worldwide and Ukraine in particular. Kyiv University's staff faced the global challenge to teach in the crisis conditions. The university closure made it clear that remote learning demanded the implementation of totally new methodologies to cover the needs of students. An online survey resulted in approaching Zoom and Google Classroom as the most preferable and efficient in providing live learning opportunities. To reach valid data of the study, qualitative and quantitative analyses of off- and online exams were applied. The majority of respondents estimated the online exam format similar to face-to-face one and the practical value of online learning following the university shutdown as beneficial. Against this background, in post-pandemic reality, Kyiv University has applied urgent management practices to alleviate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on both students and staff. The new platform encompasses various modes and has covered all students and the teaching staff of Kyiv University from September 1 this year. The KNU Education Online digital platform as a multifunctional school network is a fruitful university decision to work out the strategy beneficial in the long run

Identification of Patterns in the Structural and Phase Composition of the Doping Alloy Derived From Metallurgical Waste Processing

This paper reports a study into the structural-phase composition of the doping alloy made by processing metallurgical anthropogenic waste involving reduction smelting. This is required for determining the technological parameters that ensure an increase in the level of extraction of target elements during the processing of anthropogenic waste and for the further use of the doping alloy. It was revealed that the phase composition of the doping alloy manifested a solid solution of the doping elements and carbon in α-Fe. Cementite Fe3C and silicides Fe5Si3, FeSi, and FeSi2 were also identified. In this case, the doping elements were more likely to act as substitution atoms. It has been determined that the microstructure of the alloy consisted of several phases of different shapes and contents of the basic doping elements. Sites with an elevated iron level of up to 95.87 % by weight in the composition could be represented by the solid solution phase of the doping elements and carbon in α-Fe. The sites with a relatively high (% by weight) content of carbon (0.83‒2.17) and doping elements ‒ W, up to 39.41; Mo, up to 26.17; V, to 31.42; Cr, to 9.15 ‒ were apparently of a carbide nature. The sites with a silicon content of 0.43‒0.76 % by weight likely included silicide compounds. The alloy's characteristics make it possible to smelt steel grades without strict carbon restrictions, replacing some of the standard ferroalloys. Neither phases nor compounds with a relatively high propensity for sublimation were identified in the material produced. Therefore, there is no need to provide conditions to prevent evaporation and loss in the gas phase of the doping elements. That could increase the degree of extraction of the doping element