Pränataldiagnostik

Zusammenfassung: Die vorgeburtliche Ultraschalldiagnostik hat die Schwangerenvorsorge im Verlauf des letzten fünf Jahrzehnte völlig verändert. Ohne Risiken für das Ungeborene können wir heute seine vorgeburtliche Entwicklung überwachen und Risikosituationen für Mutter und Kind sowie fetale Erkrankungszustände erkennen. Daher werden heute allen Schwangeren drei Ultraschallvorsorgeuntersuchungen im Rahmen der Mutterschaftsvorsorge angeboten. Nur eine systematische und strukturierte Untersuchung bietet im Verbund mit einer umfassenden Ausbildung Gewähr, die Möglichkeiten der Technologie für die Schwangere und ihr ungeborenes Kind optimal zu nutzen. Ein adäquat durchgeführtes Ultraschallscreening ermöglicht eine exakte Datierung der Schwangerschaft, erkennt Mehrlingsschwangerschaften eindeutig und erlaubt über die Chorionizitäts- und Amnionizitätsdiagnostik eine Risikoklassifizierung. Ferner kann eine Vielzahl fetaler Erkrankungen und Fehlbildungen sicher diagnostiziert bzw. ausgeschlossen werden. In einigen Fällen ist aufgrund der vorgeburtlichen Diagnose eine gezielte Behandlung möglich, andere Feten profitieren von einem optimierten perinatalen Managemen

La «visión» de las Ideas y la «verdad» de la verdad.

Sin resume

Investigating the small world of literary archival collections: the impact of EAC-CPF on archival descriptive practices – Part 1: Relationships, description and the archival community

This article opens an exploration of the description of relationships between entities made possible by the new standard, Encoded Archival Context - Corporate bodies, Persons and Families (EAC-CPF). Presents the results of a survey conducted in 2013 to gauge the archival descriptive community\u27s perceptions of the significance of contextual information, relationship types, and other aspects of relationship description. Survey results indicate that the archival descriptive community has just begun to think about relationships in a formal way

Beyond peak reservoir storage? A global estimate of declining water storage capacity in large reservoirs

Water storage is an important way to cope with temporal variation in water supply and demand. The storage capacity and the lifetime of water storage reservoirs can be significantly reduced by the inflow of sediments. A global, spatially explicit assessment of reservoir storage loss in conjunction with vulnerability to storage loss has not been done. We estimated the loss in reservoir capacity for a global data set of large reservoirs from 1901 to 2010, using modeled sediment flux data. We use spatially explicit population data sets as a proxy for storage demand and calculate storage capacity for all river basins globally. Simulations suggest that the net reservoir capacity is declining as a result of sedimentation (5% compared to the installed capacity). Combined with increasing need for storage, these losses challenge the sustainable management of reservoir operation and water resources management in many regions. River basins that are most vulnerable include those with a strong seasonal flow pattern and high population growth rates such as the major river basins in India and China. Decreasing storage capacity globally suggests that the role of reservoir water storage in offsetting sea-level rise is likely weakening and may be changing sign

The use and re-use of unsustainable groundwater for irrigation: A global budget

Depletion of groundwater aquifers across the globe has become a significant concern, as groundwater is an important and often unsustainable source of irrigation water. Simultaneously, the field of water resource management has seen a lively debate over the concepts and metrics used to assess the downstream re-use of agricultural runoff, with most studies focusing on surface water balances. Here, we bring these two lines of research together, recognizing that depletion of aquifers leads to large amounts of groundwater entering surface water storages and flows by way of agricultural runoff. While it is clear that groundwater users will be impacted by reductions in groundwater availability, there is a major gap in our understanding of potential impacts downstream of groundwater pumping locations. We find that the volume of unsustainable groundwater that is re-used for irrigation following runoff from agricultural systems is nearly as large as the volume initially extracted from reservoirs for irrigation. Basins in which the volume of irrigation water re-used is equal to or greater than the volume of water initially used (which is possible due to multiple re-use of the same water) contain 33 million hectares of irrigated land and are home to 1.3 billion people. Some studies have called for increasing irrigation efficiency as a solution to water shortages. We find that with 100% irrigation efficiency, global demand for unsustainable groundwater is reduced by 52%, but not eliminated. In many basins, increased irrigation efficiency leads to significantly decreased river low flows; increasing irrigation efficiency to 70% globally decreases total surface water supplies by backsim600 km3 yr−1. These findings illustrate that estimates of aquifer depletion alone underestimate the importance of unsustainable groundwater to sustaining surface water systems and irrigated agriculture

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Scenario drivers (1970-2050): Climate and hydrological alterations

This study was carried out to support and enhance a series of global studies assessing contemporary and future changes in nutrient export from watersheds (Global Nutrient Export from Watersheds (NEWS)). Because hydrography is one of the most important drivers in nutrient transport, it was essential to establish how climatic changes and direct human activities (primarily irrigation and reservoir operations) affect the hydrological cycle. Contemporary and future hydrography was established by applying a modified version of a global water balance and transport model (WBMplus) driven by present and future climate forcing, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment scenarios (1970-2050). WBMplus represents a major upgrade to previous WBM implementations by incorporating irrigational water uptake and reservoir operations in a single modeling framework. Contemporary simulations were carried out by using both observed climate forcings from the Climate Research Unit of East Anglia (CRU) data sets and from Global Circulation Model (GCM) simulations that are comparable to the future simulations from the same GCM forcings. Future trends in three key human activities (land use, irrigation, and reservoirs operation for hydropower) were taken from the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment (IMAGE). The reservoir operation required establishing a realistic distribution of future reservoirs since the IMAGE model provided only the hydropower potentials for the different future scenarios