Anion Exchange Resins as Effective Sorbents for Removal of Acid, Reactive, and Direct Dyes from Textile Wastewaters

Coloured wastewaters are a consequence of batch processes in both dye-manufacturing and dye-consuming industries. Dyes are widely used in a number of industries, such as textile and leather dyeing, food, cosmetics, paper printing, gasoline, with the textile industry as the largest consumer. Dyeing as a fundamental operation during textile fibre processing causes the production of more or less coloured wastewaters, depending on the degree of fixation of dyes on substrates, which varies with the nature of substances, desired intensity of coloration, and application method. Dye bearing effluents are considered to be a very complex and inconsistent mixture of many pollutants ranging from dyes, dressing substances, alkalis, oils, detergents, salts of organic and inorganic acids to heavy metals.Thus after dyeing wastewaters are characterized not only by intensive and difficult for removal colour but also by high pH, suspended and dissolved solids, chemical and biochemical oxygen demands. Ion exchange is a very versatile and effective tool for treatment of aqueous hazardous wastes including dyes. The role of ion exchange in dye effluents treatment is to reduce the magnitude of hazardous load by converting them into a form in which they can be reused, leaving behind less toxic substances in their places or to facilitate ultimate disposal by reducing the hydraulic flow of the stream bearing toxic substances. Another significant feature of the ion exchange process is that it has the ability to separate as well as to concentrate pollutants. Taking into account high capacity and selectivity of ion exchange resins for different dyes, they seem to be proper materials for dyes sorption from textile effluents. The aim of the paper is to study the removal of the acid, reactive and direct textile dyes such as C.I. Acid Orange 7, C.I. Reactive Black 5 and C.I. Direct Blue 71 on the commercially available anion exchangers (Lewatit MonoPlus MP 62, Lewatit MonoPlus MP 64, Lewatit MonoPlus MP 500, Lewatit MonoPlus M 500, Amberlite IRA 67, Amberlite IRA 478RF, Amberlite IRA 458 and Amberlite IRA 958) differing not only in basicity of the functional groups but also in composition and structure of the matrix. Comparison of the sorption parameters obtained by the batch method taking into account influence of phase contact time, dyes initial concentration and solution pH were discussed in detail. Desorption conditions depending on the dyes sorption mechanism were also presented. Influence of the auxiliaries typically present in textile effluents such as inorganic electrolytes and different surfactants on the amounts of dyes retained by the anion exchangers was presented. The adsorption behaviour of the polyacrylic Amberlite IRA 958 demonstrates that it can be a promising adsorbent for the textile wastewater treatment. The results obtained with raw textile wastewaters purification confirmed this statement

\u3ci\u3eIn Vitro\u3c/i\u3e Gas Production Technique to Predict DMD of Ensiled Forage Ruminant Based Diets

The in vitro gas production technique was used as a tool to develop an improved prediction model of dry matter digestibility of ensiled forage based diets. Eleven diets were tested through conventional experiments of in vivo dry matter digestibility (DMD). The same diets were evaluated by the in vitro gas production technique using a gas pressure transducer . The parameters of the model y = A - B Qt Z√t were calculated with data from the accumulated gas curves, i.e. y=cumulative gas production (ml), Q=e-b, Z=e-c, B=ebT+c√T , being A the value for gas pool size (ml), plus lag time, minimum lag time, time for 50% gas production and time for 95% gas production. A stepwise linear regression procedure was used to obtain a model with the best fit. The higher adjusted R2 (0.85) was obtained for a model with: 1. accumulated gas, 2. lag time, 3. Q, 4. B, 5. time for 50% gas production and 6. minimum lag time were included in the model

Conocimientos y criterios para la evaluación de la calidad y concentración energética de los forrajes ensilados

El valor energético de los alimentos se determina mediante experimentos con animales pero que consumen gran cantidad de recursos económicos y humanos. La evaluación energética en la práctica rutinaria de laboratorio depende de la existencia de métodos de estimación basadas sobre parámetros químicos o valores de digestibilidad in vitro capaces de predecir adecuadamente la digestibilidad in vivo. El objetivo general fue generar conocimientos y criterios que mejoren la evaluación de la calidad de los forrajes ensilados y contribuir al desarrollo de ecuaciones de predicción de la digestibilidad de la materia seca (DMS)y de la energía metabolizable (EM)de los forrajes ensilados, utilizando como método de referencia a la digestibilidad obtenida in vivo con ovinos. Las fracciones analíticas como (a)FDN(mo), LIG/FDA y almidón resultaron fundamentales para el desarrollo de las ecuaciones pero otras variables derivadas de la PG fueron necesarias para reducir la magnitud de los errores de la predicción. Las tasas de PG y los tiempos en que éstas ocurrieron fueron de mayor utilidad que las PGA (i.e. Tmax, µ50 y T50). Los parámetros de la cinética de PG de los residuos insolubles en agua y detergente neutro (i.e. RIA y RIDN)permitieron mejorar la precisión de la predicción de DMS y EM reduciendo los errores de los modelos hasta 21.3 g/kg MS y 0.10 Mcal/kg MS, respectivamente (i.e DMS=450 + 10.8*RIA(Tmax)+ o.6*(Lig/FDA), R²(aj)=0.94; EM=2.97 - 0.022*RIA(T50 - 0.007*(FDA)+ 0.008*(Lig/FDA), R²(aj)=0.89). Las ecuaciones para predecir DFDN presentaron pobres niveles de ajuste (i.e. RDS mayora 40 g/kg FDN). Sería necesario continuar explorando las razones de la variabilidad en los resultados obtenidos. La aplicación de las ecuaciones propuestas requiere la utilización de las fracciones analíticas en base seca corregida por liofilización así como la incubación de los ensilajes en fresco pero molidos con hielo seco

Pré-incubação de inóculo ruminal para avaliação da produção de gases e digestibilidade in vitro

In vitro gas production techniques represent a valuable tool to describe the kinetics of ruminal degradation of food. However, the ruminal liquor used as a microbial inoculum has been a great source of variation and error. A standardization of this factor should contribute to assure the independence of food fermentation parameters from those of the inocula. In this research it was hypothesized that a controlled pre-incubation treatment of ruminal liquor could contribute to stabilize and homogenize the undigested residues of blanks and as a consequence, of the production of residual cumulative gas production (CGP). A pre-incubation (i.e. previous real incubation) of rumen inocula was developed with a simple substrate similar to the diet offered to donors at 1% w/v for 0, 1, 2 and 4 h (Control, Prei-1, Prei-2 and Prei-4 treatments respectively). Once the pre-incubation hours were completed, they were incubated with contrasting substrates and without substrate (i.e. blanks) in order to evaluate the CGP, in vitro digestibility of the DM and fermentation products. Although, the fermentative activity of the pre-incubated inoculums worked satisfactorily in the in vitro system, contrary to what was speculated, residues of the pre-incubation increased the variability and heterogeneity of variances among blanks. Consequently, it was concluded that the pre-incubations did not work to generate more homogeneous and less variable ruminal liquor for the in vitro gas production system.Técnicas de produção de gás in vitro representam uma ferramenta valiosa para descrever a cinética de degradação ruminal dos alimentos. No entanto, o líquido ruminal utilizado como inóculo microbiano tem sido uma grande fonte de variação e erro. A padronização deste fator deve contribuir para garantir a independência dos parâmetros de fermentação dos alimentos a partir dos inóculos. Neste trabalho, hipotetizou-se que um tratamento controlado de pré-incubação do líquido ruminal poderia contribuir para estabilizar e homogeneizar os resíduos não digeridos dos brancos e, como conseqüência, da produção de produção cumulativa de gás residual (CGP). Uma pré-incubação (ou seja, incubação real prévia) dos inóculos do rúmen foi desenvolvida com um substrato simples semelhante à dieta oferecida aos doadores a 1% p/v por 0, 1, 2 e 4 h (Controle, Prei-1, Pré- 2 e Prei-4 tratamentos respectivamente). Uma vez completadas as horas de pré-incubação, elas foram incubadas com substratos contrastantes e sem substrato (ou seja, brancos) para avaliar o CGP, a digestibilidade in vitro da MS e os produtos de fermentação. Embora a atividade fermentativa dos inóculos pré-incubados tenha funcionado satisfatoriamente no sistema in vitro, ao contrário do que foi especulado, os resíduos da pré-incubação aumentaram a variabilidade e heterogeneidade das variâncias entre os brancos. Consequentemente, concluiu-se que as pré-incubações não funcionaram para gerar um líquido ruminal mais homogêneo e menos variável para o sistema de produção de gás in vitro.Fil: Cantet, Juan Manuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Colombatto, Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. Unidad Ejecutora de Investigaciones en Producción Animal; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Wawrzkiewicz, Marisa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Jaurena, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; Argentin

Ion Exchange Method for Removal and Separation of Noble Metal Ions

Ion exchange has been widely applied in technology of chemical separation of noble metal ions. This is associated with dissemination of methods using various ion exchange resins which are indispensable in many fields of chemical industry. Due to small amounts of noble elements in nature and constant impoverishment of their natural raw materials, of particular importance are physicochemical methods of their recovery from the second sources e.g. worn out converters of exhausted gases, chemical catalysts, dental alloys, anodic sludges from cooper and nickiel electrorefining as well as waste waters and running off waters from refineries containing trace amount of noble metals. It should be stated that these waste materials are usually pyro- and hydrometallurgically processed. Recovery of noble metals, from such raw materials requires individual approach to each material and application of selective methods for their removal. Moreover, separation of noble metals, particularly platinum metals and gold from geological samples, industrial products, synthetic mixtures along with other elements is a problem of significant importance nowadays. In the paper the research on the applicability of different types of ion exchangers for the separation of noble metals will be presented. The effect of the different parameters on their separation will be also discussed. The examples of the removal of noble metals chlorocomplexes will also be presented in detail

Mechanosensitivity of the BK Channels in Human Glioblastoma Cells: Kinetics and Dynamical Complexity

BK channels are potassium selective and exhibit large single-channel conductance. They play an important physiological role in glioma cells: they are involved in cell growth and extensive migrating behavior. Due to the fact that these processes are accompanied by changes in membrane stress, here, we examine mechanosensitive properties of BK channels from human glioblastoma cells (gBK channels). Experiments were performed by the use of patch-clamp method on excised patches under membrane suction (0–40 mmHg) at membrane hyper- and depolarization. We have also checked whether channel’s activity is affected by possible changes of membrane morphology after a series of long impulses of suction. Unconventionally, we also analyzed internal structure of the experimental signal to make inferences about conformational dynamics of the channel in stressed membranes. We examined the fractal long-range memory effect (by R/S Hurst analysis), the rate of changes in information by sample entropy, or correlation dimension, and characterize its complexity over a range of scales by the use of Multiscale Entropy method. The obtained results indicate that gBK channels are mechanosensitive at membrane depolarization and hyperpolarization. Prolonged suction of membrane also influences open–closed fluctuations—it decreases channel’s activity at membrane hyperpolarization and, in contrary, increases channel’s activity at high voltages. Both membrane strain and its “fatigue” reduce dynamical complexity of channel gating, which suggest decrease in the number of available open conformations of channel protein in stressed membranes

Carcaça e qualidade da carne dez jacarés (Caiman latirostris ou jacaré de-papo amarelo e Caiman jacaré)

Dez jacarés (Caiman latirostris ou jacaré de-papo amarelo e Caiman jacaré) de diferentes comprimentos e pesos vivos foram carneados com o fim de determinar valores de rendimento de carcaça e qualidade da carne. O rendimento de carcaça foi de 54% correspondendo um 62% a porção cárnea. A relação Carne/Osso da carcaça se estimou em aproximadamente 1,51 enquanto que 6,4% correspondeu a depósitos gordurosos, fundamentalmente periviscerais. O rabo representou 27,4% do peso de carcaça estando composta por 21,9% de carne e 5,5% de osso. O valor de pH post mortem, 6,88 ± 0,22 medido no rabo, decresceu até 6,49 ± 0,23 às 24h e 5,85 ± 0,12 logo de descongelamento. As perdas de cocção se contiveram (<0,3%) e a dureza Warner Bratzler mostrou valores inferiores a 3 kg. A análise da cor da carne crua permite caracterizá-la como una carne luminosa (L*=67,7) e clara (C*= 5,5). Enquanto que o conteúdo gorduroso variou significativamente em função do peso (2,5-29,8%MS), a porcentagem protéica foi relativamente constante e próxima a 65%MS. Do total de ácidos gorduroso do rabo, 41,4% foram saturados, 39,1% monoinsaturados e 10,7% poliinsaturados, com uma relação n-6/n-3 próxima a ótimo (3,16). O ácido gorduroso foi o predominante seguido pelos ácidos palmítico, esteárico y linoléico. Dentro dos insaturados, foi elevado o conteúdo de ácidos gordurosos essenciáis= araquidônico (4,34) e família n-3 (EPA=0,76 e DHA=0,57); a esta característica nutritiva positiva se soma o alto conteúdo em CLA (1,87%Agtot).Ten caimans (Caiman latirostris and Caiman yacare) of different length and live weight were slaughtered to assess carcass yield and meat quality traits. Carcass yield was 54% while meat portion was the 62%. The carcass meat/bone ratio was approximately 1,51 while the 6,4% corresponded to the fat depots, mostly visceral depots. The tail cut represented the 27,4% of the carcass weight and it was composed 21,9% by meat and the 5,5% of bone. The meat tail pH postsmortem value (6,88 ±0,22) fell up to 6,49 (±0,23), 24 hs after slaughtering and 5,85 (±0,12) after thawing. Cooking losses were low (<0,3%) and the Warner Bratzler shear force had values lower than 3kg. The raw tail color analyses characterized the meat as luminous (L*= 67,7) and pale (C*= 5,5). While the fat content changed significantly depending on the live weight (2,5-29,8%DM), the protein content was relatively constant and around the 65% of dry matter. From the total intramuscular fatty acid content of tail meat, the 41,4 % were satured, the 39,1% were monounsatured and the 10,7% were polyunsatured, with a n-6/n-3 ratio near the optimum (3,16 vs 4). The oleic acid was the most important FA followed by the palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids. Among the unsatured FA, the levels of essential FA as araquidonic (4,34) and n-3 derived family were important (EPA= 0,76 and DHA= 0,57). Another positive nutritional characteristic was the high level of CLA (1,87%FAtot)

Proposed terminology for animal nutrition laboratory reports

La valoración nutricional de los alimentos constituye un eslabón fundamental para el correcto funcionamiento de la agroindustria asociada con la alimentación de animales. El creciente desarrollo de las técnicas analíticas y la mayor difusión de los controles de calidad sobre los ingredientes y alimentos terminados ha generalizado el uso de términos asociados con la calidad de los alimentos, muchas veces pobremente definidos. Los objetivos de este artículo fueron: resaltar algunos conceptos relevantes para determinar el valor de los alimentos para animales; contribuir a mejorar el uso e interpretación de los resultados analíticos; llamar la atención sobre algunos procedimientos y estimaciones que dan lugar a confusiones o malas interpretaciones. Asimismo se propuso un listado de siglas para identificar algunas de las fracciones analíticas frecuentemente usadas en la evaluación de alimentos para rumiantes.The nutritional evaluation of feedstuffs is a fundamental link to the proper functioning of the agro-industry associated to feeding animals. The growing development of analytical techniques and wider dissemination of ingredients and finished food quality controls have generalized the use of terms associated with the food quality, often poorly defined. The objectives of this article were: highlighting some relevant concepts in determining the value of feedtuffs; contribute to improving the use and interpretation of analytical results; draw attention to some procedures and estimates that give rise to confusion or misinterpretation. It was also proposed a list of acronyms to identify some of the analytical fractions frequently used in the assessment of food for ruminants.Fil: Jaurena, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Wawrzkiewicz, Marisa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Colombatto, Dario. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; Argentin

Microbial populations and ruminal fermentation of sheep and llamas fed low quality forages

The objective of this study was to assess the ruminal microbial population and fermentation of sheep and llamas fed low quality forages. Two llamas and three sheep with permanent ruminal cannula were fed ad libitum with a low quality fescue hay (Festuca arundinacea Schreb). The animals were adapted to forage feeding for 21 days, followed by one day of collection of the ruminal fluid (RF), during 2 experimental periods separated by 7 days. The RF was extracted before morning feeding. The llama forestomach content showed higher degree of fermentative activity than the sheep one, as indicated by NH3-N and VFA values (P 0.050). However, the forestomach of llamas contained higher density of total protozoa and Eudiplodinium (P < 0.050), whereas holotrich protozoa were undetectable. In conclusion, the llama forestomach had higher fermentative activity than sheep rumen, different protozoa population, but no differences in bacterial population densities.Fil: Ortiz Chura, Abimael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Pepi, María Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Wawrzkiewicz, Marisa. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; ArgentinaFil: Cerón Cucchi, María Esperanza. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Cravero, S.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro de Investigación En Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria; ArgentinaFil: Jaurena, G.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Producción Animal; Argentin

Performance of Dairy Goats to Alfalfa Silage Based Diets Supplemented with Different Sources of Carbohydrates

Lactating Saanen dairy goats fed alfalfa silage (AS) based diets in four 4x4 Latin Square designed experiment were studied for the effects of supplementation of three different type of carbohydrates (wheat grain, (W); sorghum grain, (SG) and dry citrus pulp, (DCP)) on milk yield, composition and chewing activities. Sixteen does (45± 10 DIM and 2.016 kg ± 0.48 4% FCM) housed indoors in individual pens in a four 4x4 experiment were fed four diets 1) AS (33.9%DM, 19.9%CP, 44.01%NDF); 2) ASW (52.4%DM, 19.8%CP, 33.7%NDF); 3) ASSG (50.9%DM, 17.9%CP, 37%NDF), 4) ASDCP (52.5%DM, 16.12%CP, 39.1%NDF) with forage-to-concentrate ratios of 100:0 or 65:35, 67:33 and 64:36 respectively. Intake of AS DM (2.78%BW) was different (P\u3c 0.05) from the other treatments (average 3.53 ±0.07 %BW). Chewing efficiency (min/g NDF per kg BW 0.75) decrease (P\u3c 0.05) as a result of AS substitution or concentrate supplementation without effect (P\u3e 0.05) of carbohydrate type or dietary level of NDF. Milk, 4%FCM and fat-protein-corrected milk yield was affected (P\u3c 0.05) by concentrate supplementation. Either milk protein content (g/l) or yield (g/day) were not affected by treatments. Body weight changes appeared related to concentrate supplementation. Supplementation increase total DM intake, decrease forage DM intake and chewing efficiency and increase producing performance without changing milk composition