Suburbanizacija in migracije na poljskih metropolitanskih območjih med politično tranzicijo

This article presents the development of suburbanization processes that occurred in Polish metropolitan areas during the political transition from communism. We analyze data on population and migration for municipalities in seven metropolitan areas from 1995 to 2012. Our results show that the suburban development phase was strongly associated with cities’ size and level of economic development. The article concludes that the outflow of the urban population to the suburbs started earliest in centers that had successfully undergone the transition period

Europe’s anthem and its meaning

The article presents research on the anthem of the Europe. The author investigates its origins, argues about other possible variants for the Europe’s anthem, and provides critical analysys of the meaning, functions and prospects of the Ode to Joy.У статті проводиться дослідження про гімн Європи. Автор розглядає історію виникнення гімну, його інші можливі варіанти та наводить критичний аналіз значення, функцій та перспектив існування Оди до Радості

REGIONALNE UWARUNKOWANIA SUBURBANIZACJI W POLSCE

Dynamie grow of peripherally located cities and each suburban areas was identified in Transformation period. Nowdays, suburbanization is dominated processes in Polish cities. The highest outflow of people to suburban areas could be observed in the biggest cities (above 200 thousand of inhabitants), the same processes can be observed in stnaller cities as well. Economic and social changes were the main reason of development of suburbanization processes in the Polish cities.Rozwój procesów suburbanizacji zachodzi łącznie z trwającymi w Polsce zmianami społecznymi i gospodarczymi, a migracje ludności są barometrem tych zmian. Opracowanie stanowi próbę określenia dynamiki rozwoju procesów suburbanizacji w polskich miastach w okresie transformacji ustrojowej. Analizie poddano dane statystyczne dotyczące ruchu migracyjnego ludności według gmin. Ramy czasowe badania wyznaczają lata 1995-2007. Obserwowany odpływ ludności miejskiej do strefy podmiejskiej najszybciej zaznaczył się w ośrodkach największych (liczących ponad 200 tys. mieszkańców) i zaczyna przejawiać się obecnie w miastach średniej wielkości. Przedstawione zmiany w zakresie migracji ludności dowodzą, iż podobne procesy nie są zjawiskiem nieznanym, lecz następstwem zmian gospodarczych i społecznych, jakie wystąpiły już dawno w krajach Europy Zachodniej

Europe's anthem and its meaning

The article presents research on the anthem of the Europe. The author investigates its origins, argues about other possible variants for the Europe’s anthem, and provides critical analysys of the meaning, functions and prospects of the Ode to Joy.У статті проводиться дослідження про гімн Європи. Автор розглядає історію виникнення гімну, його інші можливі варіанти та наводить критичний аналіз значення, функцій та перспектив існування Оди до Радості

Chlamydial plasmids and bacteriophages

Chlamydia are absolute pathogens of humans and animals; despite being rather well recognised, they are still open for discovery. One such discovery is the occurrence of extrachromosomal carriers of genetic information. In prokaryotes, such carriers include plasmids and bacteriophages, which are present only among some Chlamydia species. Plasmids were found exclusively in Chlamydia (C.) trachomatis, C. psittaci, C. pneumoniae, C. suis, C. felis, C. muridarum and C. caviae. In prokaryotic organisms, plasmids usually code for genes that facilitate survival of the bacteria in the environment (although they are not essential). In chlamydia, their role has not been definitely recognised, apart from the fact that they participate in the synthesis of glycogen and encode proteins responsible for their virulence. Furthermore, in C. suis it was evidenced that the plasmid is integrated in a genomic island and contains the tetracycline-resistance gene. Bacteriophages specific for chlamydia (chlamydiaphages) were detected only in six species: C. psittaci, C. abortus, C. felis, C. caviae C. pecorum and C. pneumoniae. These chlamydiaphages cause inhibition of the developmental cycle, and delay transformation of reticulate bodies (RBs) into elementary bodies (EBs), thus reducing the possibility of infecting other cells in time. Plasmids and bacteriophages can be used in the diagnostics of chlamydioses; although especially in the case of plasmids, they are already used for detection of chlamydial infections. In addition, bacteriophages could be used as therapeutic agents to replace antibiotics, potentially addressing the problem of increasing antibiotic-resistance among chlamydia