Haemostatic agents in apical surgery : a systematic review

Blood presence in apical surgery can prevent the correct vision of the surgical field, change the physical properties of filling materials and reduce their sealing ability. To describe which are the most effective and safest haemostatic agents to control bleeding in patients undergoing apical surgery. TWe carried out a systematic review, using Medline and Cochrane Library databases, of human clinical studies published in the last 10 years. The agents that proved more effective in bleeding control were calcium sulphate (100%) and collagen plus epinephrine (92.9%) followed by ferric sulphate (60%), gauze packing (30%) and collagen (16.7%). When using aluminium chloride (Expasyl®), over 90% of the apical lesions improved, but this agent seemed to increase swelling. Epinephrine with collagen did not significantly raise either blood pressure or heart rate. Despite the use of several haemostatic materials in apical surgery, there is little evidence on their effectiveness and safety. The most effective haemostatic agents were calcium sulphate and epinephrine plus collagen. Epinephrine plus collagen did not seem to significantly raise blood pressure or heart rate during surgery. Aluminium chloride did not increase postoperative pain but could slightly increase postoperative swelling. Randomized clinical trials are needed to assess the haemostatic effectiveness and adverse effects of haemostatic materials in apical surgery

Sensibility and taste alterations after impacted lower third molar extractions. A prospective cohort study

Objectives: To determine the incidence, severity and duration of lingual tactile and gustatory function impairments after lower third molar removal. Study Design: Prospective cohort study with intra-subject measures of 16 patients undergoing lower third molar extractions. Sensibility and gustatory functions were evaluated in each subject preoperatively, one week and one month after the extraction, using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments and 5 different concentrations of NaCl, respectively. Additionally, all patients filled a questionnaire to assess subjective perceptions. Results: Although patients did not perceive any sensibility impairments, a statistically significant decrease was detected when Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. This alteration was present at one week after the surgical procedure and fully recovered one month after the extraction. There were no variations regarding the gustatory function. Conclusions: Lower third molar removal under local anesthesia may cause light lingual sensibility impairment. Most of these alterations remain undetected to patients. These lingual nerve injuries are present one week after the extraction and recover one month after surgery. The taste seems to remain unaffected after these procedures

Glass transition, crystallization kinetics, and inter-conformer relaxation dynamics of amorphous mitotane and related compounds

We employ differential scanning calorimetry, broadband dielectric spectroscopy and optical microscopy to investigate the glass transition, molecular relaxation dynamics, and isothermal recrystallization kinetics of amorphous mitotane, the only drug approved for the pharmacological treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. Amorphous mitotane displays a glass transition at Tg = 243 ± 1 K, characterized by relatively low fragility index of 68 ± 2. Besides the structural and Johari-Goldstein relaxations, amorphous mitotane displays an intramolecular relaxation with activation energy of 25 ± 1 kJ mol-1. The same relaxation process, with virtually the same activation energy and relaxation times, is observed in the closely-related o,p’-dichlorobenzophenone compound, which allows identifying it as the rotation of the chlorobenzene ring with the chlorine closest to the central carbon. Such conformational relaxation is active at human body temperature, and may thus be potentially relevant for the mechanism of action of the drug. Our study shows that the comparative study of the relaxation map of related molecular species is a powerful tool to identify and classify secondary relaxation processes. The amorphous drug is found to be unstable against recrystallization at as well as slightly below room temperature, and to display-two-dimensional growth with only sporadic nucleation, characterized by an Avrami kinetic exponent of 2.05 ± 0.05. The kinetic stability of the amorphous form of mitotane, observed at room temperature in micellar formulations, is therefore limited to the nanoconfined sample and is not observed in the bulk compound.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Quality of life after upper third molar removal : a prospective longitudinal study

Third molar extraction is a very common procedure in Dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) and satisfaction of patients undergoing extraction of an upper third molar under local anesthesia. A second objective was to describe the evolution of self-reported pain measured in a visual analogue scale (VAS) in the 7 days after surgery and its relationship with pre- and intraoperative factors. A prospective longitudinal cohort study was made. Fifty-five patients received a questionnaire assessing social and working isolation, eating and speaking ability, diet modifications, sleep impairment, physical appearance, discomfort at suture removal and overall satisfaction. Pain was registered daily on a VAS scale. A descriptive and bivariate analysis of the data was performed. Forty-seven patients were included. Pain decreased lineally across the 7 days, and relief was significant between days 2 and 3. Intraoperative complications were significantly associated with pain. The complication that showed the highest pain score was the tuberosity fracture. Upper third molar removal significantly affects the patient?s quality of life, particularly during the first 2 days after extraction

Introducción a la lógica y teoría axiomática de conjuntos. Construcción del conjunto de los números naturales

Este trabajo es una pequeña recopilación de diferentes libros y notas sobre lógica y teoría de conjuntos con el objeto de conocer la base sólida en la que se apoyan todas las matemáticas. Observando que todas las ramas de la matemática parten de unos axiomas y se demuestran enunciados a partir de ellos se intuía que podía haber una relación entre la matemática y la lógica y por eso matemáticos como Zermello y Hilbert redujeron las matemáticas a la lógica y a la teoría de conjuntos. Este trabajo comienza con lógica proposicional y de primer orden viendo sus sintaxis y algunos resultados porque saber razonar en lógica es saber razonar en matemáticas y en la vida en general. El trabajo acaba con los axiomas de Zermello-Fraenkel y la construcción de los números naturales.Grado en Matemática

From BIM to BEMS, covering the design- to operational-phase interoperability gap

This paper deals with the FP7 EU project “Building as a Service” (BaaS). The BaaS project is a research initiative which aims at providing a generic solution for delivering standardization and interoperability concepts for building data and open middleware platform covering the Design- and Operational-Phase In-teroperability Gap in the application domain of “non-residential buildings.” There are two important phases in the building life-cycle: the design phase and the operational phase. Development and integration of ICT tech-nologies can help best coordinate the building design and operation phases. Overcoming interoperability gaps between both phases so as providing a way of integration to use existing and future tools and services would help to enhance building operations and controls. Better design, standardization and interoperability can con-tribute themselves to the goals of improving energy efficiency. Interoperable components working as services at the building level, will lead naturally to the concept of the Building as a Service ecosystem. This paper aims at analyzing some of the BaaS project topics: (1) building data management and interoperability: data warehouse to collect, organize, store and aggregate static and dynamic data from various in- and out-of-building sources; an IFC-based BIM will act as a central repository for all static building data, and a data warehouse will be used for dynamic data, both schemes mapped using a unique vocabulary. (2) Integration of building energy management Services using Open Service Middleware Platform technologies. A service middleware platform to abstract the building physical devices, support high level services on the cloud and facili-tate secure two-way communication between the physical and ICT layers (building) with high level services (cloud)

Immediate implants placed in fresh sockets associated to periapical infectious processes: a systematic review

Objetives: The development of treated implant surfaces, added to the increase of the aesthetic requirements by the patients has led to a change in the treatment protocols as well as the development of techniques such as the onefase implants and the immediate prosthetic loading. One of the usual contraindications of the implant treatment is the presence of periapical disease associated to the tooth to be replaced. The aim of this paper is to review the published literature on immediate implant placement in extraction sockets of teeth with periapical pathology, considering the level of scientific evidence, and following the principles of medicine and evidence-based Dentistry. Material and Methods: A search of articles published between 1982 and 2012 was conducted. The search terms immediate, dental implant, extraction, infected, periapical pathology were used. Search was limited to studies in animals and humans, published in english language. Results: 16 articles were selected from a total of 438, which were stratified according to their level of scientific evidence using the SORT criteria (Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy). Studies in both animals and humans presented high rates of implant survival, but human studies are limited to a small number of cases. Discussion and Conclusions: There is a limited evidence regarding implant placement immediately to the extraction of teeth affected by chronic periapical pathology. Following analysis of the articles, and in function of their scientific quality, a type B recommendation is given in favor of the immediate implant placement in fresh sockets associated to periapical infectious processes

Dinámica de relajación en fase amorfa de dos compuestos orgánicos

L’objectiu experimental d’aquest treball és l’estudi de la dinàmica i l’estabilitat de dos compostos: el 2- bencilfenol, un reactiu utilitzat per la síntesis d’altres compostos a la indústria química, i el mitotane, un fàrmac utilitzat a la indústria farmacèutica generalment pel tractament de malalties associades a alteracions hormonals. Per a dur a terme aquest estudi es realitzen fonamentalment dues tècniques experimentals, la calorimetria diferencial d’escombrat (DSC) i la tècnica d’espectroscòpia dielèctrica. La tècnica de la calorimetria diferencial d’escombrat es una tècnica termoanalítica que s’ha utilitzat per identificar i estudiar les transformacions físiques que es tenen lloc en un compost en funció de la temperatura, el valor de la variació entàlpica associada als canvis de fase i les temperatures a les que es produeixen aquestes transformacions. La tècnica de l’espectroscòpia dielèctrica s’utilitza per mesurar les propietats dielèctriques del compost i la dinàmica de relaxació en un rang de freqüències determinat. D’aquesta manera es pot registrar el temps de resposta (temps de relaxació) dels dipols presents la substància per reorientar-se en la direcció del camp elèctric aplicat sobre la mostra en qüestió. Es pot conèixer la dinàmica de la fase amorfa d’un compost a partir dels temps de relaxació i la seva dependència amb la temperatura. Els resultats mostren dos pics de relaxació pel 2-bencilfenol: un lligat a la relaxació primària α i un pic lligat a la relaxació secundària β. Pel mitotane els resultats obtinguts mostren tres pics de relaxació diferents: Un pic de relaxació primària α i dos pics de relaxació secundària β y γ. A la present literatura s’interpreten i es discuteixen les possibles causes de l’origen d’aquests pics a partir dels resultats i l’anàlisi de l’estructura molecular del compost. Finalment, s’ha decidit introduir un estudi de la cinètica de la cristal·lització dels dos compostos, a causa de la recurrència de l’aparició d’aquest fenomen durant l’estudi de la fase amorfa. Per a dur a terme aquest estudi s’ha examinat el procés de cristal·lització per les dues substàncies a dues temperatures diferents, de manera que es pot comparar la morfologia dels cristalls formats i els mecanismes de cristal·lització en funció de la temperatura.El objetivo experimental de este trabajo es el estudio de la dinámica y la estabilidad de dos compuestos: el 2-bencilfenol, un reactivo utilizado para la síntesis de otros compuestos en la industria química, y el mitotano, un fármaco utilizado en la industria farmacéutica generalmente para el tratamiento de enfermedades asociadas a alteraciones hormonales. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se realizan fundamentalmente dos técnicas experimentales, la calorimetría diferencial de barrido (DSC) y la técnica de espectroscopia dieléctrica. La técnica de la calorimetría diferencial de barrido es una técnica termoanalítica que se ha utilizado para identificar y estudiar las transformaciones físicas que se dan en un compuesto en función de la temperatura, el valor de la variación entálpica asociada a los cambios de fase y las temperaturas a las que se llevan a cabo dichas transformaciones. La técnica de la espectroscopia dieléctrica se utiliza para medir las propiedades dieléctricas del compuesto y la dinámica de relajación en un rango de frecuencias determinado. De esta manera se puede registrar el tiempo de respuesta (tiempo de relajación) de los dipolos presentes en una sustancia para reorientarse en la dirección del campo eléctrico alterno aplicado sobre la muestra en cuestión. Se puede conocer la dinámica de la fase amorfa de un compuesto a partir de los tiempos de relajación y su dependencia con la temperatura. Los resultados muestran dos picos de relajación para el 2-bencilfenol: Uno ligado a la relajación primaria α, asociada al movimiento cooperativo de las moléculas y uno ligado a la relajación secundaria β, del cual se estudia y se discute su origen. Para el mitotano los resultados obtenidos muestran tres picos de relajación diferentes: Un pico de relajación primario α y dos picos de relajación secundarios β y γ. En la presente literatura se interpretan y se discuten las posibles causas del origen de estos picos a partir de los resultados y el análisis de la estructura molecular del compuesto. Finalmente, se ha decidido introducir un estudio de la cinética de la cristalización de ambos compuestos, debido a la recurrencia de la aparición de este fenómeno durante el estudio de la fase amorfa. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se ha examinado el proceso de cristalización para las dos sustancias a dos temperaturas distintas, pudiendo comparar de esta manera la morfología de los cristales formados y los mecanismos de cristalización en función de la temperatura.The experimental objective of this work is the study of the dynamics and stability of two compounds: 2-benzylphenol, a reagent used for the synthesis of other compounds in the chemical industry, and mitotane, a drug used in the pharmaceutical industry generally for the treatment of diseases associated with hormonal alterations. To carry out this study, two experimental techniques are mainly carried out: the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the dielectric spectroscopy technique. The technique of differential scanning calorimetry is a thermoanalytic technique that has been used to identify and study the physical transformations that occur in a compound as a function of temperature, the value of the entopic variation associated with phase changes and the temperatures at which these transformations are carried out. The dielectric spectroscopy technique is used to measure the dielectric properties of the compound and the relaxation dynamics in a given frequency range. In this way it is possible to register the response time (relaxation time) that it takes the dipoles present in a substance to reorient in the direction of the alternating electric field applied on the sample. The dynamics of the amorphous phase of a compound can be known from relaxation times and their dependence on temperature. The results show two peaks of relaxation for 2-benzylphenol: One linked to primary relaxation α, associated with the cooperative movement of molecules and the other one linked to secondary relaxation β, of which its origin is studied and discussed. For mitotane the results obtained show three different relaxation peaks: A primary relaxation peak α and two secondary relaxation peaks β and γ. In the present literature the possible causes of the origin of these peaks are interpreted and discussed from the results and analysis of the molecular structure of the compound. Finally, it has been decided to introduce a study of the kinetics of the crystallization of both compounds, due to the recurrence of the appearance of this phenomenon during the study of the amorphous phase. In this study it has been examined the crystallization process for the two substances at two different temperatures, being able to compare in this way the morphology of the crystals formed and the crystallization mechanisms depending on the temperature

Is measurement of the gingival biotype reliable? Agreement among different assessment methods

To determine agreement among the most commonly used methods for assessing the gingival biotype. An electronic survey was sent to a sample of dentists practicing in Spain. The questionnaire was based on the evaluation of 5 cases involving different gingival biotype assessment methods. Dentists were required to classify the cases as having a ?thin?, ?thick? or ?not able to classify? biotype. Each case was assessed using a frontal intraoral photo of the anterior teeth; an enlarged photo of the buccal aspect of the tooth with a periodontal probe inserted inside the sulcus; and the real thickness measured in mm with a calibrated needle. Agreement among the classifications was assessed using Cohen?s kappa coefficient. A total of 104 surveys were analyzed. The most commonly used assessment method was visual evaluation of the morphology of the gingiva and the teeth (62.5%). Concordance among the three different methods was weak (kappa = 0.278). Agreement among the classification methods was greater in extreme cases (thinner and thicker gingival thickness). The most commonly used methods for assessing gingival biotype are not reliable. The three tested methods show poor to weak agreement, which leads to non-reliable estimation of the gingival biotype