Insecurities in employment and occupational careers and their impact on the transition to fatherhood in Western Germany

This paper examines the relationship between work and family among men in western Germany. We investigate the extent to which a difficult start in and insecurities during the working life affect men’s transition to fatherhood, and the degree to which this effect is influenced by characteristics of the respondent´s family of origin and his relationship history. We use proportional hazards models to analyze data of the third “Familiensurvey” conducted by the German Youth Institute in 2000. In accordance with the spillover hypothesis, which assumes that labor market success (or failure) leads to success (or failure) in family behavior, we found that under difficult and/or insecure circumstances in career patterns, men delayed their transition to fatherhood. The delay was caused in particular by unemployment, self-employment or part-time work. A successful career development, however, increases the propensity to have a child soon after having taken a career step. Contrary to the hypothesis of individualization, the social status and the composition of the family of origin still have an impact on the fertility behavior of men in adulthood. In particular, the transition rate to fatherhood was higher if the man grew up with at least one sibling, while losing a parent through death decreased the rate. Both the employment career and the parental home influence the formation of steady relationships, and this explains in part their effect on the transition to fatherhood. Keywords: fertility; labor market; menGermany (Alte Bundesländer)

Insecurities in employment and occupational careers and their impact on the transition to fatherhood in Western Germany

This paper examines the relationship between work and family among men in Western Germany. We investigate the extent to which a difficult start in working life and insecurities during the working life affect men’s transition to fatherhood, and how this effect is influenced by characteristics of the family of origin and the respondents’ own relationship history. We use proportional hazards models to analyze data of the third "Familiensurvey" conducted by the German Youth Institute in 2000. In accordance with the spillover hypothesis which assumes that labor market success (or failure) leads to success (or failure) in family behavior as well, we found that under difficult and/or insecure circumstances in their career, men delay their transition to fatherhood. In particular, the delay was related to being unemployed, being self-employed or working part-time. On the other hand, a successful career development increases the propensity to have a child soon after the career step. Contrary to a hypothesis of individualization, the social status and the composition of the family of origin still have an impact on the fertility behavior of men in adulthood. In particular, the transition rate to fatherhood was higher if the man grew up with at least one sibling, while losing a parent through death decreased it. Both employment career and parental home influence the formation of steady relationships, which explains part of their effect on the transition to fatherhood.fertility, Germany, men, professional career, Western Germany

Die Bedeutung von Herkunftsfamilie, Berufsbiografie und Partnerschaften für den Übergang zur Ehe und Vaterschaft

This paper examines the extent to which a difficult entry into the labor market and insecurities during the working life affect men’s decision to marry and to have their first child and how these effects hold true when characteristics of the family of origin and the respondents own relationship history are included. Data of the third “Familiensurvey” of the German Youth Institute, conducted in the year 2000, are analyzed for men in Western Germany. Under difficult and/or insecure circumstances men delay their start of a family. Being not employed, being self-employed or working part-time is in particular decisive. The composition of the family of origin still have an impact when men are grown up and when they decide about starting a family. Having siblings increases the propensity to marry and to start one’s own family in particular whereas the loss of a parent by death decreases the probability.Germany (Alte Bundesländer), cohabitation, employment, marriage, parenthood, parents

Berufsbiographische Unsicherheiten und der Übergang zur Elternschaft bei Männern

In this paper we look at the impact of employment on family development with reference to men. We investigate the extent to which insecurities in the employment career have an effect on family formation. By comparing the life histories and life situation of men in East and West Germany, we are able to retrieve information about the effects of different social systems on the transition to fatherhood. We use logistic regression models to analyze data of the ´Familiensurvey´ of the German Youth Institute conducted in the year 2000.Germany, employment, men

Antimicrobial Functionalization of Prolamine–Silica Hybrid Coatings with Fumaric Acid for Food Packaging Materials and Their Biocompatibility

The interest of the food packaging industry in biodegradable, recyclable, and functional materials has steadily increased in recent years. The use of hydrogels in the food sector holds great potential for use in packaging systems or as carriers for bioactive substances. The synthesis of an oxygen barrier coating of prolaminic silica material and antimicrobial functionalization with fumaric acid for packaging materials described here is an elegant way to meet these requirements. The developed material achieved a significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus , two common clinical pathogens. Another pre-requisite of such materials is a high biocompatibility, which can be assessed using human cell models, to help ensure consumer safety. The biocompatibility was determined by luminescence adenosine triphosphate and photometric lactate dehydrogenase assays. No cytotoxic effects on human keratinocytes in vitro were found for the test materials

Steady State Convergence Acceleration of the Generalized Lattice Boltzmann Equation with Forcing Term through Preconditioning

Several applications exist in which lattice Boltzmann methods (LBM) are used to compute stationary states of fluid motions, particularly those driven or modulated by external forces. Standard LBM, being explicit time-marching in nature, requires a long time to attain steady state convergence, particularly at low Mach numbers due to the disparity in characteristic speeds of propagation of different quantities. In this paper, we present a preconditioned generalized lattice Boltzmann equation (GLBE) with forcing term to accelerate steady state convergence to flows driven by external forces. The use of multiple relaxation times in the GLBE allows enhancement of the numerical stability. Particular focus is given in preconditioning external forces, which can be spatially and temporally dependent. In particular, correct forms of moment-projections of source/forcing terms are derived such that they recover preconditioned Navier-Stokes equations with non-uniform external forces. As an illustration, we solve an extended system with a preconditioned lattice kinetic equation for magnetic induction field at low magnetic Prandtl numbers, which imposes Lorentz forces on the flow of conducting fluids. Computational studies, particularly in three-dimensions, for canonical problems show that the number of time steps needed to reach steady state is reduced by orders of magnitude with preconditioning. In addition, the preconditioning approach resulted in significantly improved stability characteristics when compared with the corresponding single relaxation time formulation.Comment: 47 pages, 21 figures, for publication in Journal of Computational Physic

Das Zusammenspiel von Familienentwicklung und Erwerbsverhalten von Frauen: empirische Umsetzung einer theoretischen Neukonzeptualisierung

'Das Zusammenspiel von Erwerbsverhalten und Familienentwicklung bei Frauen wurde lange Zeit fast ausschließlich auf der Basis von Querschnittsdaten analysiert und mit dem Konzept des klassischen Familienzyklus interpretiert. Im folgenden wird zum einen für Erwerbsunterbrechungen eine theoretisch differenziertere Perspektive entwickelt. Zum anderen werden mit kontinuierlichen Lebensverlaufsdaten von Frauen unterschiedlicher Geburtsjahrgänge Prozesse des Wandels sichtbar gemacht.' (Autorenreferat

Historische Ausgangssituation und Veränderungen im Ausbildungs- und Erwerbsverhalten junger Frauen in der Nachkriegszeit

Die Verfasserin verdeutlicht, daß die Kohortenanalyse von Verlaufsdaten nicht nur ein überaus nützliches Verfahren zur Exploration ist, sondern auch den Ausgangspunkt zur Entwicklung eines differenzierten zeitbezogenen multivariaten Modells zur Untersuchung von Lebensläufen bilden kann. Ausgehend von der individuellen Beteiligung junger Frauen am Erwerbsleben wird vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen historischen Bedingungen das Ausmaß des Wandels in den Berufsverläufen von drei Geburtskohorten aufgezeigt. Zur Erklärung der Unterbrechungen im Erwerbsleben der untersuchten Kohorten wird das verlaufsanalytische Modell proportionaler Risiken zugrundegelegt. Mit dem Modell werden die Effekte unabhängiger Variablen und die Stärke ihrer jeweiligen Einflüsse auf diese Zäsuren untersucht. Zusammenfassend wird festgestellt, daß familiäre Ereignisse eindeutig die dominanten, durchschlagenden Faktoren sind, die den Übergang von Erwerbsarbeit zu Erwerbsunterbrechung bei jungen Frauen bestimmen, wobei sich deutlich die Entwicklung abzeichnet, daß der Einfluß der Heirat durch den der Schwangerschaft zurückgedrängt wird. Entscheidungssituationen, die bei familiären Ereignissen im Hinblick auf eine Erwerbsbeteiligung anstehen, werden hinausgezögert bzw. gemieden. Denn wenn sich eine Frau zur Heirat oder Geburt eines Kindes entschließt, so besteht die individuelle Lösung, den familiären Verpflichtungen und Aufgaben nachzukommen, für junge Frauen noch weitgehend in einer Unterbrechung der Erwerbsarbeit und damit notgedrungenermaßen im traditionellen Rollenmuster. (TR

Photokatalytische Schichtsysteme für hochtransparente selbstreinigende Gläser

Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Herstellung selbstreinigender Schichtsysteme mit hoher Transmission im Wellenlängenbereich von 380 bis 800 nm auf Floatglas mittels reaktivem DC-Sputtern. Es wurden zunächst umfassende Untersuchungen zu photokatalytisch aktiven Titanoxid-Schichten durchgeführt. Dabei wurde der Einfluss von Schichtdicke, Sputterdruck und Partialdruckverhältnis sowie die Auswirkungen einer nachfolgenden Temperung auf Struktur und Eigenschaften von SiO2-TiO2-Schichtsystemen erforscht. Weiterhin erfolgte die Untersuchung von auf TiO2 basierenden, photokatalytisch aktiven Interferenzschichtsystemen. Dazu wurden SiO2-TiO2-SnO2-Schichtsysteme abgeschieden, und der Einfluss der Schichtdicken von Titanoxid- und Zinnoxid-Schicht sowie des zur TiO2-Abscheidung genutzten Sputterdrucks und eines nachfolgenden Temperschrittes auf die Eigenschaften der Schichtsysteme untersucht. Durch die Wahl geeigneter Abscheidebedingungen und Schichtdicken konnten Schichtsysteme mit den gewünschten Eigenschaften erzeugt werden