38 research outputs found
Compensating for severe nuclear accidents: An expert elucidation
We present the results of a structured discussion held in London in July 2014 involving a panel of experts drawn from three communities: specialists on aspects of risk and insurance; lawyers concerned with issues of nuclear law; and safety and environmental regulators. The discussions were held on the basis of participant anonymity. The process emphasised three considerations: conceptions of loss arising from a severe nuclear accident; the specifics of the Fukushima-Daiichi accident and what it means for policy and strategy going forward; and the future of liability regimes. We observe some stoicism from those closest to implementation of policies and procedures associated with nuclear risks, but a lower level of certainty and confidence among those concerned with nuclear energy regulation
A workbook on planning for urban resilience in the face of disasters : adapting experiences from Vietnam's cities to other cities
The world is urbanizing rapidly. A little over half the global population is urban today. According to the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN\u2013HABITAT), by 2050, this proportion will grow to 70 percent\u2014and of a much larger pie, 9 billion people worldwide. This urban growth will predominantly (90 percent) take place in developing countries. Developing countries
host 70 million new urban residents each year. Cities in the developing world are already challenged in providing adequate infrastructure and services to current residents, let alone supporting such large increases in the future. It is expected that the global slum population will double to 2 billion by 2030. The trend in increasing natural hazards further complicates the situation. The Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters reports via its Emergency Events Database (CRED EM-DAT) that, in 2010, 385 natural disasters killed nearly 300,000 people, affected over 217 million others, and caused $123.9 billion in damages in 131 countries. These economic damages represent an increase of 160.4 percent compared to 2009. Climate change and shifting tectonic plates will further exacerbate the situation. This workbook provides standard procedures local officials can use to develop Local Resilience Action Plans. While based on learning from the Vietnam experience, the guidance provided can be applied by any city at any level of disaster preparedness. The experience of the three pilot cities is the basis for llustrating the methodology. The pilots represent a broad range of city caracteristics in terms of geography, population size, economic base, administrative structure, and natural hazards\u2014demonstrating that the LRAP process is useful to a variety of cities. Indeed, the methodology has been taken up by cities outside of Vietnam, in China, Indonesia, and the Philippines. These cities have adapted
the steps in the workbook to fit their local conditions and priorities and the workbook shows how they build resilience to climate change and natural disaster
Building climate and disaster resilience into city planning and management processes
This paper presents an integrated analytic framework for tackling climate change through mainstreaming disaster risk management into overall development planning in urban areas. It discusses an ongoing application of the Climate Resilient City framework in East Asia, the Middle East and Africa
Researchers, trainers and first responders: a synergy for an improved prevention of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risks in south-east Asian countries.
Italian scientists active in national research and academic institutions have been collaborating since 2013, under the aegis of the EU Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence, with governmental stakeholders and technical partners, in nine countries of South-East Asia, in order to enhance the local capabilities in preventing, monitoring and responding to CBRN incidents due to intentional, accidental or natural causes. The initiatives implied training courses, didactical sessions, live simulations, table-top exercises and interactive train-the-trainer sessions, in the presence of European and local experts, with trans-disciplinary competences covering areas such as chemistry, biology, toxicology, medicine, engineering, law and international right
Considerations in relation to off-site emergency procedures and response for nuclear accidents
The operation of nuclear facilities has, fortunately, not led to many accidents with off-site consequences. However, it is well-recognised that should a large release of radioactivity occur, the effects in the surrounding area and population will be significant. These effects can be mitigated by developing emergency preparedness and response plans prior to the operation of the nuclear facility that can be exercised regularly and implemented if an accident occurs. This review paper details the various stages of a nuclear accident and the corresponding aspects of an emergency preparedness plan that are relevant to these stages, both from a UK and international perspective. The paper also details how certain aspects of emergency preparedness have been affected by the accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi and as a point of comparison how emergency management plans were implemented following the accidents at Three Mile Island 2 and Chernobyl. In addition, the UKâs economic costing model for nuclear accidents COCO-2, and the UKâs Level-3 Probabilistic Safety Assessment code âPACEâ are introduced. Finally, the factors that affect the economic impact of a nuclear accident, especially from a UK standpoint, are described
Predicting the cost of the consequences of a large nuclear accident in the UK
Nuclear accidents have the potential to lead to significant off-site effects that require actions to minimise the radiological impacts on people. Such countermeasures may include sheltering, evacuation, restrictions on the sale of locally-grown food, and long-term relocation of the population amongst others. Countries with nuclear facilities draw up emergency preparedness plans, and put in place such provisions as distributing instructions and iodine prophylaxis to the local population. Their plans are applied in simulated exercises on a regular basis. The costs associated with emergency preparedness and the safety provisions to reduce the likelihood of an accident, and/or mitigate the consequences, are justified on the basis of the health risks and accident costs averted. There is, of course, only limited actual experience to indicate the likely costs so that much of the costing of accidents is based on calculations. This paper reviews the methodologies used, in particular the approach that has been developed in the UK, to appraise the costs of a hypothetical nuclear accident.
Results of analysing a hypothetical nuclear accident at a fictitious reactor site within the United Kingdom are discussed in relation to the accidents at Three Mile Island 2, Chernobyl and Fukushima Dai-ichi
Strumenti economici e politiche dell'ambiente e del clima
Il contributo presenta il processo di creazione delle esternalitĂ , focalizzando l'attenzione sulle esternaliĂ ambientali. Presenta inoltre la disciplina e i metodi della contabilitĂ ambientale come possibile ausilio nell'internalizzazione delle esternalitĂ ambientali. Segue una dissertazione nella stessa chiave relativa ai cambiamenti climatici
Il Carbon Expo : i meccanismi geograficamente bilanciati per combattere i cambiamenti climatici nei Paesi in via di sviluppo
Presentazione e valutazione della conferenza Carbon Expo tenutasi a Colonia nel 2004 e presentazione degli strumenti geograficamente bilanciat
Changement climatique, politique du village global et partenariat dans les pays en voie de développement
Dans le dernier quart du xxe siĂšcle, lâhypothĂšse dâun changement climatique dâorigine anthropique sâest posĂ©e avec une acuitĂ© croissante. Ce texte retrace le cheminement de la communautĂ© internationale sur cette question, depuis la crĂ©ation du groupe dâexperts intergouvernemental sur lâĂ©volution du climat aux diffĂ©rents sommets destinĂ©s Ă dĂ©finir et promouvoir une rĂ©duction des Ă©missions de gaz Ă effet de serre. Parmi les dispositifs majeurs, les « MĂ©canismes du dĂ©veloppement propre » font lâ..