Understanding the Glass Cliff Effect: Why Are Female Leaders Being Pushed Toward the Edge?

The glass cliff effect describes a real-world phenomenon in which women are more likely to be appointed to precarious leadership positions in poorly performing organizations, while men are more likely to be appointed to stable leadership positions in successful organizations (Ryan & Haslam, 2005). This effect represents a subtle, yet dangerous, form of gender discrimination that may limit workplace diversity as well as women’s ability to become successful leaders. Importantly, research exploring why women are preferred for more perilous leadership positions is lacking. The main focus of this dissertation is to systematically organize previous theory and empirically examine processes underlying the glass cliff effect. Data was collected through an online study in which participants evaluated fictional leadership candidates for an open leadership position (Study 1) as well as a media study in which coders content analyzed media perceptions regarding CEO appointments using a matched sample of 84 male and female Fortune 500 CEOs (Study 2). Findings from both studies most strongly demonstrate that females are likely to be preferred over males when being promoted to a precarious position as a way for the organization to signal change. Theoretical implications of the study findings regarding gender and leadership as well as practical implications regarding organizational procedures and women’s careers are discussed

Stable Isotope Ecology of Tropical Bats

Stable isotopes have been used to characterize differences in animal diet and behaviour since experimental studies by DeNiro and Epstein (1979; 1981). Examining isotopic ratios enables researchers to track how animals interact with their environment as these ratios are derived from intake of nutrients and are fractionated into tissue at a calculable factor; in short, ‘you are what you eat’ (Tykot 2004). Studying bats, I use carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes to: (1) characterize community structure of a diverse fauna in Belize, (2) examine dietary differences between populations in a fragmented forest in Brazil, and (3) tested multiple tissues from the same individual to discern seasonal difference in diet in species from both the Neotropics and Paleotropics. In Belize, I found significant amounts of niche overlap between species which I predicted would belong to different guilds, and several cases of overlap which would suggest that species may compete for resources. In Brazil, I found that habitat composition (i.e., vegetation density) was more important than landscape metrics (sic fragment area, fragment nearest neighbour distance, etc.) in predicting the diets of frugivorous bats. I also found that multi-tissue stable isotope analysis is valuable in determining both individual variation in diet throughout the year and tracking seasonal changes as a result of resource availability or local-scale migration. Stable isotope analysis is a valuable tool in understanding the dietary ecology of animals

Exploration Experiments in Wavelet Video Coding

This document defines the Exploration Experiments (EE) to be conducted by the VidWav AHG till the Bangkok meeting. The common software platform was decided to be used by all the participants in the EEs. It is already available on the CVS server provided by RWTH. During the Poznan meeting, tools had been identified as potentially useful, and the associated experiment was not completes for this meeting. These previous EE are being extended till next meeting

Assessment and analysis of students skills and competences

У даній роботі розглянута задача нечіткого логічного висновку для прийняття рішень в задачах підбору контингенту студентів виходячи з вимог потенційних роботодавців, що дозволяє зменшити час на обробку інформації про кандидатів на конкретну посаду.This paper considers the problem of the fuzzy logic inference in order to support the decision making procedure of students’ selection based on the requirements of the potential employers. This approach allows reducing the time spent on the processing of the information about candidates for a certain position. The fuzzy characteristics of the input data set are implemented, the set of fuzzy logic inference rules is defined, the algorithm of fuzzy logic inference, which allows selecting students that better suite for a certain competence, is outlined. For the example we have considered the problem of selection of the best candidate for the position “Junior Front-End Developer” among the set of four sample candidates. By using the set of required skills in the field of front-end web development, we have applied the proposed approach to estimate the scores of such skills for each candidate in order to pick the candidates with the best score

Проектирование технологического процесса изготовления детали «Щит подшипника в сборе» и оснастки

Объектом исследования является деталь "Щит подшипниковый", технологический процесс его изготовления и приспособление. Цель работы - разработка наиболее эффективного технологического процесса. В результате исследования получены более оптимальные экономические и технологические показатели.The object of study is the detail of the "Shield bearing", the technological process of its manufacture and adaptation. Goal - to develop the most efficient process. The study obtained better economic and technological performance

Учет и анализ оплаты труда и расчетов с персоналом в ГАУ «Юргинском психоневрологическом интернате»

Объектом исследования в бакалаврской работе является ГАУ "Юргинский психоневрологический интернат". Предмет исследования – учет и анализ расчетов с персоналом по оплате труда в ГАУ "Юргинский психоневрологический интернат". Цель работы - разработка рекомендации по совершенствованию учета расчетов по оплате труда в ГАУ "Юргинский психоневрологический интернат".The object of research in the work is GAU "Yurginsky neuropsychiatric boarding school". The subject of the research is the accounting and analysis of settlements with staff on remuneration in GAU "Yurginsky neuropsychiatric boarding school". The purpose of the work is to develop a recommendation for improving the accounting of payments for wages in GAU "Yurginsky neuropsychiatric boarding school"

Status Report on Wavelet Video Coding Exploration

Current 3-D wavelet video coding schemes with Motion Compensated Temporal Filtering (MCTF) can be divided into two main categories. The first performs MCTF on the input video sequence directly in the full resolution spatial domain before spatial transform and is often referred to as spatial domain MCTF. The second performs MCTF in wavelet subband domain generated by spatial transform, being often referred to as in-band MCTF. Figure 1(a) is a general framework which can support both of the above two schemes. Firstly, a pre-spatial decomposition can be applied to the input video sequence. Then a multi-level MCTF decomposes the video frames into several temporal subbands, such as temporal highpass subbands and temporal lowpass subbands. After temporal decomposition, a post-spatial decomposition is applied to each temporal subband to further decompose the frames spatially. In the framework, the whole spatial decomposition operations for each temporal subband are separated into two parts: pre-spatial decomposition operations and post-spatial decomposition operations. The pre-spatial decomposition can be void for some schemes while non-empty for other schemes. Figure 1(b) shows the case of the t+2D scheme where pre-spatial decomposition is empty. Figure 1(c) shows the case of the 2D+t+2D scheme where pre-spatial decomposition is usually a multi-level dyadic wavelet transform. Depending on the results of pre-spatial decomposition, the temporal decomposition should perform different MCTF operations, either in spatial domain or in subband domain. (a) The general coding framework; (b) Case for the t+2D scheme (Pre-spatial decomposition is void); (c) Case for the 2D+t+2D scheme (Pre-spatial decomposition exists). Figure 1: Framework for 3-D wavelet video coding. A first classification of SVC schemes according to the order the spatial and temporal wavelet transform are performed was introduced in the first Scalable Video Models [1], [2] on the base of the Call for Proposals responses at Munich meeting. The so called t+2D schemes (one example is [3]) performs first an MCTF, producing temporal subband frames, then the spatial DWT is applied on each one of these frames. Alternatively, in a 2D+t scheme (one example is [4]), a spatial DWT is applied first to each video frame and then MCTF is made on spatial subbands. A third approach named 2D+t+2D uses a first stage DWT to produce reference video sequences at various resolutions; t+2D transforms are then performed on each resolution level of the obtained spatial pyramid. Each scheme has evidenced its pros and cons [5,6] in terms of coding performance. From a theoretical point of view, the critical aspects of the above SVC scheme mainly reside: i) in the coherence and trustworthiness of the motion estimation at various scales (especially for t+2D schemes); ii) in the difficulties to compensate for the shift-variant nature of the wavelet transform (especially for 2D+t schemes); iii) in the performance of inter-scale prediction (ISP) mechanisms (especially for 2D+t+2D schemes). An analysis of the differences between schemes is also reported in the sequel

Effects of Once-Weekly Exenatide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.

Abstract BACKGROUND: The cardiovascular effects of adding once-weekly treatment with exenatide to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes are unknown. METHODS: We randomly assigned patients with type 2 diabetes, with or without previous cardiovascular disease, to receive subcutaneous injections of extended-release exenatide at a dose of 2 mg or matching placebo once weekly. The primary composite outcome was the first occurrence of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. The coprimary hypotheses were that exenatide, administered once weekly, would be noninferior to placebo with respect to safety and superior to placebo with respect to efficacy. RESULTS: In all, 14,752 patients (of whom 10,782 [73.1%] had previous cardiovascular disease) were followed for a median of 3.2 years (interquartile range, 2.2 to 4.4). A primary composite outcome event occurred in 839 of 7356 patients (11.4%; 3.7 events per 100 person-years) in the exenatide group and in 905 of 7396 patients (12.2%; 4.0 events per 100 person-years) in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83 to 1.00), with the intention-to-treat analysis indicating that exenatide, administered once weekly, was noninferior to placebo with respect to safety (P<0.001 for noninferiority) but was not superior to placebo with respect to efficacy (P=0.06 for superiority). The rates of death from cardiovascular causes, fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction, fatal or nonfatal stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome, and the incidence of acute pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and serious adverse events did not differ significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with type 2 diabetes with or without previous cardiovascular disease, the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events did not differ significantly between patients who received exenatide and those who received placebo. (Funded by Amylin Pharmaceuticals; EXSCEL ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01144338 .)