Special Issue on “fruit metabolism and metabolomics”

Over the past 10 years, knowledge about several aspects of fruit metabolism has been greatly improved. Notably, high-throughput metabolomic technologies have allowed quantifying metabolite levels across various biological processes, and identifying the genes that underly fruit development and ripening. This Special Issue is designed to exemplify the current use of metabolomics studies of temperate and tropical fruit for basic research as well as practical applications. It includes articles about different aspects of fruit biochemical phenotyping, fruit metabolism before and after harvest, including primary and specialized metabolisms, and bioactive compounds involved in growth and environmental responses. The effect of genotype, stages of development or fruit tissue on metabolomic profiles and corresponding metabolism regulations are addressed, as well as the combination of other omics with metabolomics for fruit metabolism studies. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.partly funded by MetaboHUB (ANR‐11‐INBS‐0010) and PHENOME (ANR‐11‐ INBS‐0012) French Agence Nationale de la Recherche projects. S.O. was parcially supported by grants RTI2018‐ 099797‐B‐100 (Ministerio de ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) and UMA18‐DEDERJA‐179 (Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain).Peer reviewe

Special Issue on “fruit metabolism and metabolomics”

Over the past 10 years, knowledge about several aspects of fruit metabolism has been greatly improved. Notably, high-throughput metabolomic technologies have allowed quantifying metabolite levels across various biological processes, and identifying the genes that underly fruit development and ripening. This Special Issue is designed to exemplify the current use of metabolomics studies of temperate and tropical fruit for basic research as well as practical applications. It includes articles about different aspects of fruit biochemical phenotyping, fruit metabolism before and after harvest, including primary and specialized metabolisms, and bioactive compounds involved in growth and environmental responses. The effect of genotype, stages of development or fruit tissue on metabolomic profiles and corresponding metabolism regulations are addressed, as well as the combination of other omics with metabolomics for fruit metabolism studies. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.partly funded by MetaboHUB (ANR‐11‐INBS‐0010) and PHENOME (ANR‐11‐ INBS‐0012) French Agence Nationale de la Recherche projects. S.O. was parcially supported by grants RTI2018‐ 099797‐B‐100 (Ministerio de ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain) and UMA18‐DEDERJA‐179 (Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain).Peer reviewe

New Opportunities in Metabolomics and Biochemical Phenotyping for Plant Systems Biology

Pollution contro

Chapter New Opportunities in Metabolomics and Biochemical Phenotyping for Plant Systems Biology

Pollution contro

Phenotypic and fine genetic characterization of the D locus controlling fruit acidity in peach

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Acidity is an essential component of the organoleptic quality of fleshy fruits. However, in these fruits, the physiological and molecular mechanisms that control fruit acidity remain unclear. In peach the <it>D </it>locus controls fruit acidity; low-acidity is determined by the dominant allele. Using a peach progeny of 208 F₂trees, the <it>D </it>locus was mapped to the proximal end of linkage group 5 and co-localized with major QTLs involved in the control of fruit pH, titratable acidity and organic acid concentration and small QTLs for sugar concentration. To investigate the molecular basis of fruit acidity in peach we initiated the map-based cloning of the <it>D </it>locus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In order to generate a high-resolution linkage map in the vicinity of the <it>D </it>locus, 1,024 AFLP primer combinations were screened using DNA of bulked acid and low-acid segregants. We also screened a segregating population of 1,718 individuals for chromosomal recombination events linked to the <it>D </it>locus and identified 308 individuals with recombination events close to <it>D</it>. Using these recombinant individuals we delimited the <it>D </it>locus to a genetic interval of 0.4 cM. We also constructed a peach BAC library of 52,000 clones with a mean insert size of 90 kb. The screening of the BAC library with markers tightly linked to <it>D </it>locus indicated that 1 cM corresponds to 250 kb at the vicinity of the <it>D </it>locus.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In the present work we presented the first high-resolution genetic map of <it>D </it>locus in peach. We also constructed a peach BAC library of approximately 15�� genome equivalent. This fine genetic and physical characterization of the <it>D </it>locus is the first step towards the isolation of the gene(s) underlying fruit acidity in peach.</p

Reseña de Kaufmant, Marie-Eugénie, «Le cheval au théâtre dans l’Espagne du Siècle d’Or. Fondements idéologiques et mécanismes d’une poétique dans la comedia nueva», Binges, Éditions Orbis Tertius, 2018, 576 pp. ISBN: 978-2-36783-113-8

Reseña de Kaufmant, Marie-Eugénie, Le cheval au théâtre dans l’Espagne du Siècle d’Or. Fondements idéologiques et mécanismes d’une poétique dans la comedia nueva, Binges, Éditions Orbis Tertius, 2018, 576 pp. ISBN: 978-2-36783-113-

Dame Kobold (1920) de Hugo von Hofmannsthal et son modèle : La dama duende (1629) de Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Le théâtre du Siècle d’or espagnol a fasciné les dramaturges autrichiens, parmi lesquels Hofmannsthal. Celui-ci écrit en 1920 Dame Kobold d’après la traduction allemande de Johann Diederich Gries de La dama duende (1629) de Calderón. Respectant l’intrigue et l’ancrage spatio-temporel de la pièce espagnole, il s’en éloigne grâce à la modernité de sa langue et par des décrochages qui l’amènent à développer la dimension œdipienne des relations entre les personnages. Ces décrochages finissent par déboucher sur une significative modification revenant à affirmer la nécessité de la foi en l’autre pour arriver à une vraie rencontre amoureuse. Cette modification s’inscrit dans une réflexion sur la masculinité et la féminité. La fidélité novatrice de Hofmannsthal lui permet ainsi de démontrer l’atemporalité du texte caldéronien, puisque La dama duende porte en germe l’histoire de Dame Kobold, celle d’un Homme qui devient pleinement Homme en rencontrant une Femme, et d’une Femme qui devient pleinement Femme en rencontrant un Homme.Das Theater des spanischen Goldenen Zeitalters faszinierte österreichische Bühnenautoren, unter ihnen Hofmannsthal. 1920 schreibt er Dame Kobold. Quelle seiner Inspiration ist Johann Diederich Gries‘ deutsche Übersetzung des Theaterstücks La dama duende (1629) von Calderon. Dabei hält er an der Handlung und der räumlich-zeitlichen Verankerung des spanischen Vorbilds fest, entfernt sich aber durch seine moderne Sprache und Sinnverschiebungen, die die Dimension ödipaler Beziehungen der Personen untereinander zur Geltung bringt. Durch diese Verschiebungen gibt er dem Theaterstück einen entscheidend umgewandelten Sinn, nämlich den, dass der Glaube an den anderen notwendig ist, damit es zu einer wahren Liebesbegegnung und Liebesbeziehung kommen kann. Dieses Umwandeln steht im Rahmen des Nachdenkens über Männlichkeit und Weiblichkeit. Diese erneuernde Art, dem ursprünglichen Text treu zu bleiben, gibt Hofmannsthal die Möglichkeit zu zeigen, dass der Text von Calderon über seine Zeit hinausgeht, da La dama duende schon den Keim zu Dame Kobold in sich birgt, den Keim zu der Geschichte eines Mannes, der ein wahrer Mann wird, indem er eine Frau wahrhaft liebt, und zu der Geschichte einer Frau, die zu einer wahren Frau wird, indem sie einen Mann wahrhaft liebt.Austrian dramatists were fascinated by the Spanish Siglo de Oro drama. Among them was Hofmannsthal, who wrote Dame Kobold in 1920, a rewriting of Johann Diederich Gries’s German translation of La dama duende (Calderón, 1629). Keeping in mind the plot and the spatiotemporal foundations of the Spanish play, he moves away from it thanks to the modernity of his writing and distance from the original text, which leads him to develop the Oedipal dimension of the relationships between the characters. This distance eventually reaches a significant modification, affirming the necessity of faith in the other in order to achieve a real love encounter. This modification is part of a reflexion about masculinity and femininity. Hofmannsthal’s innovative faithfulness allows him to demonstrate the timelesness of the Calderonian text, as La dama duende contains the seeds of the story of Dame Kobold, the story of a Man who becomes fully a Man when he meets a Woman, and the one of a Woman who becomes fully a Woman when she meets a Man

Response to highly active antiretroviral therapy among severely immuno-compromised HIV-infected patients in Cambodia.

BACKGROUND: HAART efficacy was evaluated in a real-life setting in Phnom Penh (Médecins Sans Frontières programme) among severely immuno-compromised patients. METHODS: Factors associated with mortality and immune reconstitution were identified using Cox proportional hazards and logistic regression models, respectively. RESULTS: From July 2001 to April 2005, 1735 patients initiated HAART, with median CD4 cell count of 20 (inter-quartile range, 6-78) cells/microl. Mortality at 2 years increased as the CD4 cell count at HAART initiation decreased, (4.4, 4.5, 7.5 and 24.7% in patients with CD4 cell count > 100, 51-100, 21-50 and < or = 20 cells/microl, respectively; P < 10). Cotrimoxazole and fluconazole prophylaxis were protective against mortality as long as CD4 cell counts remained < or = 200 and < or = 100 cells/microl, respectively. The proportion of patients with successful immune reconstitution (CD4 cell gain > 100 cells/microl at 6 months) was 46.3%; it was lower in patients with previous ART exposure [odds ratio (OR), 0.16; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05-0.45] and patients developing a new opportunistic infection/immune reconstitution infection syndromes (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.52-0.98). Similar efficacy was found between the stavudine-lamivudine-nevirapine fixed dose combination and the combination stavudine-lamivudine-efavirenz in terms of mortality and successful immune reconstitution. No surrogate markers for CD4 cell change could be identified among total lymphocyte count, haemoglobin, weight and body mass index. CONCLUSION: Although CD4 cell count-stratified mortality rates were similar to those observed in industrialized countries for patients with CD4 cell count > 50 cells/microl, patients with CD4 cell count < or = 20 cells/microl posed a real challenge to clinicians. Widespread voluntary HIV testing and counselling should be encouraged to allow HAART initiation before the development of severe immuno-suppression

Socioeconomic status and treatment outcomes for individuals with HIV on antiretroviral treatment in the UK: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses

Background: Few studies have assessed the effect of socioeconomic status on HIV treatment outcomes in settings with universal access to health care. Here we aimed to investigate the association of socioeconomic factors with antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-adherence, virological non-suppression, and virological rebound, in HIV-positive people on ART in the UK. Methods: We used data from the Antiretrovirals, Sexual Transmission Risk and Attitudes (ASTRA) questionnaire study, which recruited participants aged 18 years or older with HIV from eight HIV outpatient clinics in the UK between Feb 1, 2011, and Dec 31, 2012. Participants self-completed a confidential questionnaire on sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle issues. In participants on ART, we assessed associations of financial hardship, employment, housing, and education with: self-reported ART non-adherence at the time of the questionnaire; virological non-suppression (viral load >50 copies per mL) at the time of questionnaire in those who started ART at least 6 months ago (cross-sectional analysis); and subsequent virological rebound (viral load >200 copies per mL) in those with initial viral load of 50 copies per mL or lower (longitudinal analysis). Findings: Of the 3258 people who completed the questionnaire, 2771 (85%) reported being on ART at the time of the questionnaire, and 2704 with complete data were included. 873 (32%) of 2704 participants reported non-adherence to ART and 219 (9%) of 2405 had virological non-suppression in cross-sectional analysis. Each of the four measures of lower socioeconomic status was strongly associated with non-adherence to ART, and with virological non-suppression (prevalence ratios [PR] adjusted for gender/sexual orientation, age, and ethnic origin: greatest financial hardship vs none 2·4, 95% CI 1·6–3·4; non-employment 2·0, 1·5–2·6; unstable housing vs homeowner 3·0, 1·9–4·6; non-university education 1·6, 1·2–2·2). 139 (8%) of 1740 individuals had subsequent virological rebound (rate=3·6/100 person-years). Low socioeconomic status was predictive of longitudinal rebound risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] for greatest financial hardship vs none 2·3, 95% CI 1·4–3·9; non-employment 3·0, 2·1–4·2; unstable housing vs homeowner 3·3, 1·8–6·1; non-university education 1·6, 1·1–2·3). Interpretation: Socioeconomic disadvantage was strongly associated with poorer HIV treatment outcomes in this setting with universal health care. Adherence interventions and increased social support for those most at risk should be considered