Pour un dictionnaire spécialisé orienté vers la mise en discours

International audienceThis article is part of a preparatory phase of a project with multilingual terminology database (French-Spanish- Polish) within the Internet law that is called DiTerm. It is a specialized dictionary created from a collection of legal, academic and popular texts. It is also designed as an aid in translation which aims to describe practices observed in the language of a given specialty. We first present the stages of the terminology analysis that allowed extracting a large number of the information of a different kind such as linguistic, cognitive, communicative, social and cultural. In the second part of the article, we will focus on presenting a consignment template of various lexical-semantic relationships (derivational, actantial, circumstantial, collocational), inspired by the model of lexical functions (LF) developed by Mel'čuk and his co-workers.Le présent article s'inscrit dans la phase préparatoire d'un projet de base de données terminographiques multilingue (français - espagnol - polonais) du domaine du droit de l'Internet, baptisée DITerm. Il s'agit d'un dictionnaire spécialisé créée à partir d'un corpus de textes juridiques, universitaires et de vulgarisation et conçu comme une aide à la traduction (et à la rédaction technique) dont l'ambition est de décrire les usages observés dans la langue de spécialité donnée. Nous présentons d'abord les étapes de l'analyse terminologique qui a permis d'extraire un grand nombre d'informations linguistiques, cognitives, communicationnelles, socioculturelles. Dans la deuxième partie de l'article, nous nous concentrons sur la présentation d'une méthode de consignation de différentes relations lexico-sémantiques (relations dérivationnelles, actantielles, circonstancielles, collocationnelles), inspirée du modèle des fonctions lexicales (FL) développé par Mel'cuk et ses collaborateurs

Shrubs indirectly increase desert seedbanks through facilitation of the plant community

The mechanisms supporting positive ecological interactions are important. Foundation species can structure desert biodiversity by facilitating seedbanks of annual plants, but the direct and indirect mechanisms of shrub effects on seedbank have not been experimentally decoupled. We conducted the first test of shrubs increasing seedbank densities through direct effects on the seedbank (i.e. shrub seed-trapping, animal-mediated dispersal) and indirect effects by facilitating the annual plant community (i.e. seed deposition, annual seed-trapping). Two distinct desert ecosystems were used to contrast transient seedbank densities in shrub and open microsites by manipulating annual plant density and the presence of the persistent seedbank. We measured transient seedbank densities at the end of the growing season by collecting soil samples and extracting seeds from each respective treatment. Transient seedbank densities were greatest in shrub canopies and with relatively higher annual plant densities. The persistent seedbank contributed to transient seedbank densities only in one desert and in the open microsite. Shrubs indirectly increased seedbank densities by facilitation the seed production of the annual plants. Therefore, shrubs are increasing seedbank independently of the annual plant community, likely through trapping effects, and dependently by facilitating seed production of the annuals. These findings provide evidence for a previously undescribed mechanism that supports annual seedbanks and thus desert biodiversity. We also identify shrubs as being significant drivers of desert plant communities and emphasize the need to consider multiple mechanisms to improve our ability to predict the response of ecosystems to change.York University Librarie

Nursing Back to Health: Shrubs Facilitate the Restoration of Native Forbs with Reductions in Non-Native Competition in an Invaded Arid Shrubland

Restoring native species to invaded arid ecosystems is challenging as non-native species often limit native species establishment, which limits success. Nurse plant facilitation may be utilized to improve native species establishment through reductions in abiotic and biotic stresses but this has not yet been tested for native forb restoration in invaded arid ecosystems. Five native forb species were seeded in shrub and open microsites, with and without exclosures. Non-native removals were done to determine if shrubs could facilitate native forbs establishment in an invaded arid shrubland. Shrubs facilitated native species, and interestingly, most natives co-existed with non-natives. However, non-native removals had a large positive effect for two less competitive native species. Exclosures overall were not effective at increasing native density. Seeding natives with shrubs and non-native removals are recommended as effective strategies for increasing native species establishment in invaded arid systems

Conservation Conundrum: At-risk Bumble Bees (Bombus spp.) Show Preference for Invasive Tufted Vetch (Vicia cracca) While Foraging in Protected Areas

In recent decades, some bumble bee species have declined, including in North America. Declines have been reported in species of bumble bees historically present in Ontario, including: yellow bumble bee (Bombus fervidus) (Fabricus, 1798), American bumble bee (Bombus pensylvanicus) (DeGeer, 1773), and yellow-banded bumble bee (Bombus terricola) (Kirby, 1837). Threats contributing to bumble bee population declines include: land-use changes, habitat loss, climate change, pathogen spillover, and pesticide use. A response to the need for action on pollinator preservation in North America has been to encourage ‘bee-friendly’ plantings. Previous studies show differences in common and at-risk bumble bee foraging; however, similar data are unavailable for Ontario. Our research question is whether there is a difference in co-occurring at-risk and common bumble bee (Bombus spp.) floral use (including nectar and pollen collection) in protected areas in southern Ontario. We hypothesize that common and at-risk species forage differently, predicting that at-risk species forage on a limited selection of host plants. We conducted a field survey of sites in southern Ontario, using observational methods to determine bumble bee foraging by species. The results of a redundancy analysis show a difference in foraging between common and at-risk bumblebee species. At-risk bumble bee species show a preference for foraging on invasive, naturalized Vicia cracca (tufted vetch). This finding raises the question of how to preserve or provide forage for at-risk bumble bees, when they show an association with an invasive species often subject to control in protected areas.York University Librarie

Exploring Methodologies to Prepare Selenium Modified Oligonucleotides

X-ray crystallography has been central in determining structure-function relationships for biomacromolecules, such as nucleic acids and proteins, leading to a greater understanding of biochemical processes. The major barriers to nucleic acid structure determination by X-ray crystallography are the processes of crystallization and phasing. One strategy to overcome the latter challenge involves replacement of oxygen with selenium in a nucleotide. In the past two decades, selenium has been incorporated into oligonucleotides at many different sites, each with their specific advantages and limitations. Preparation of selenium modified nucleic acids often requires the multi-step synthesis of specialized phosphoramidites incorporated into oligonucleotides by solid-phase synthesis. It would be desirable to simplify the synthetic process to prepare these selenium containing oligonucleotides, which may result in their greater accessibility for crystallographers engaged in the determination of high resolution structural studies of nucleic acid structures. In one approach, a simplified, greener and more versatile methodology to incorporate selenium into a solid support-bound oligonucleotide at the O-4 position of thymidine was explored. A range of reaction and deprotection conditions were evaluated, with promise of this approach demonstrated when selenium incorporation was attempted at a 5’-end residue of an oligonucleotide, followed by deprotection using a sterically hindered base. Another approach investigated the preparation of an oligonucleotide with 2’-deoxy-6-selenoinosine, a derivative of interest which was inspired by the base pairing properties of 2’-deoxyinsoine towards other nucleobases. In the isolation and purification of this oligonucleotide, it was observed that the major product obtained was a non-complementary homodimer oligonucleotide connected by an interstrand diselenide bridge. Conditions to remove this cross-link were evaluated and expand the potential of selenium modified nucleic acids beyond X-ray crystallography for applications as a responsive nanomaterial

Reversible Diselenide Cross-links are Formed Between Oligonucleotides Containing 2’-Deoxy-6-selenoinosine

We have synthesized and characterized a phosphoramidite derivative of 2’-deoxy-6-selenoinosine (d6SeI) and incorporated this modification into an oligonucleotide by solid-phase synthesis. During cleavage from the solid-support and deprotection, spontaneous dimerization of this oligonucleotide occurs via formation of a diselenide cross-link between the modified nucleobases. This cross-link can be readily reduced to restore the single-stranded oligonucleotide. UV thermal denaturation and circular dichroism spectroscopy of duplexes with d6SeI paired against all four native nucleobases revealed minor differences in stability and structure relative to 2’-deoxyinosine. This selenium containing nucleobase modification may be useful for applications in DNA nanomaterials and X-ray crystallography

The potential toxicity of loop diuretics in patients with cardiovascular complications

A patient with cardiovascular complications is a proper candidate for a diuretic treatment. Here, loop diuretics are the drugs with the greatest strength and time of acting, especially when used in urgent cases like exacerbation of heart failure is overhydration due, pulmonary edema and renal failure. Conducting treatment in Those conditions and the physician should keep in mind and rational dosage of drugs mentioned, the interactions with others and also medicaments patient's comorbidities. Besides of advantages With diuretic treatment, in still observe Increasing the number of its side effects, Which are the real threat for patients' life. Key words: loop diuretics, furosemide, torasemid

Degradation legacy and current water levels as predictors of carbon emissions from two fen sites

Drainage-induced shifts in physicochemical peat properties are irreversible on a decadal time span. We investigated whether carbon emissions from fen peat can be estimated using two proxies: current water levels and peat properties (as affected by drainage history, i.e. degradation legacy). We collected bare peat monoliths from a long-term drained and an undrained fen. In a crossed design, half of the monoliths was kept wet and the other half was drained. Highest carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions came from the originally undrained peat under low water levels (607 mmol m-2 d-1). Overall, CO2 emissions were primarily determined by drainage history, with 141 % higher emissions from the originally undrained peat. In addition, low current water levels correlated with 42 % higher emissions. Highest methane (CH4) emissions were measured in the originally undrained peat under high water levels (123 mmol m-2 d-1). Overall, CH4 emissions were primarily determined by current water levels, with 430 % higher emissions under high water levels. In addition, the originally undrained peat had 180 % higher emissions. The lower C efflux from originally drained peat correlated with lower concentrations of methanogens and of easily-degradable carbon substrate (cellulose). We conclude that substrate limitation in long-term drained fens ensures low baseline carbon emissions, which provides opportunities for renewed carbon sequestration by rewetting

Solid-phase synthesis and structural characterisation of phosphoroselenolate-modified DNA: a backbone analogue which does not impose conformational bias and facilitates SAD X-ray crystallography

Oligodeoxynucleotides incorporating internucleotide phosphoroselenolate linkages have been prepared under solid-phase synthesis conditions using dimer phosphoramidites. These dimers were constructed following the high yielding Michealis-Arbuzov (M-A) reaction of nucleoside H-phosphonate derivatives with 5ʹ-deoxythymidine-5ʹ-selenocyanate and subsequent phosphitylation. Efficient coupling of the dimer phosphoramidites to solid-supported substrates was observed under both manual and automated conditions and required only minor modifications to the standard DNA synthesis cycle. In a further demonstration of the utility of M-A chemistry, the support-bound selenonucleoside was reacted with an H-phosphonate and then after chain extension using phosphoramidite chemistry. Following initial unmasking of methyl-protected phosphoroselenolate diesters, pure oligodeoxynucleotides were isolated using standard deprotection and purification procedures and subsequently characterised by mass spectrometry and circular dichroism. The CD spectra of both modified and native duplexes derived from self-complementary sequences with A-form, B-form or mixed conformational preferences were essentially superimposable. These sequences were also used to study the effect of the modification upon duplex stability which showed context-dependent destabilisation (-0.4 ̶ -3.1 °C per phosphoroselenolate) when introduced at the 5ʹ-termini of A-form duplexes or at juxtaposed central loci within a B-form duplex (-1.0 °C per modification). As found with other nucleic acids incorporating selenium, expeditious crystallisation of a modified decanucleotide A-form duplex was observed and the structure solved to a resolution of 1.45 Å. The DNA structure adjacent to the modification was not significantly perturbed. The phosphoroselenolate linkage was found to impart resistance to nuclease activity

Leczenie bólu w gabinecie lekarza rodzinnego

Pain is one of the most common symptoms observed in medicine and plays a fundamental role in human and animal life. Living organisms' ability to feel pain sensations allows them to develop defense mechanisms to survive and minimize the risk of tissue damage. The appearance of pain is perceived primarily as a warning signal, which may be a harbinger of an illness or a result of an injury. From the dawn of time, man has tried to relieve pain, often without knowing its cause, mechanism of formation or origin. Currently, pain management is causal and symptomatic. As a rule, it focuses on identifying the causative agent and eliminating its negative effects on tissues as soon as possible. Although the history of pain treatment dates back to ancient times, the 19th century was undoubtedly a turning point in this field. The isolation of morphine from opium and the discovery of aspirin were the foundations of the pharmaceutical industry and initiated a new era in human life – a period of constant search for a golden mean in the treatment of pain. We currently have many analgesics of natural and synthetic origin, which are more or less effective in the treatment of pain associated with cancer or the musculoskeletal system. Several of them deserve special attention.Ból definiowany jest przez Międzynarodowe Towarzystwo Badania Bólu jako subiektywne, przykre i nieprzyjemne, a tym samym negatywne wrażenie czuciowe i emocjonalne, które związane jest z rzeczywistym lub potencjalnym uszkodzeniem tkanek. Z odczuwaniem i uświadamianiem bólu wiąże się nocycepcja – wieloetapowy proces obejmujący transdukcję, przewodzenie, modulację i percepcję pierwotnego bodźca. Transdukcja polega na przekształceniu bodźca chemicznego, termicznego lub mechanicznego w impuls elektryczny, który przekazywany jest z obwodowych zakończeń nerwowych nocyceptorów do zwojów nerwów rdzeniowych, a następnie do rogów tylnych rdzenia kręgowego.Uszkodzenie tkanek związane jest z uwalnianiem wielu mediatorów (substancji P, bradykininy, histaminy, serotoniny, prostanoidów, cytokin), odpowiedzialnych za stan zapalny, który rozwija się w miejscu zadziałania urazu. Tkanka objęta stanem zapalnym jest wówczas silnie bolesna (hiperalgezja wywołana odsłonięciem lub podrażnieniem zakończeń nerwowych), zaczerwieniona (zwiększony przepływ krwi przez poszerzone łożysko naczyniowe) i obrzęknięta (nadmierna przepuszczalność naczyń krwionośnych), co wynika między innymi z bezpośredniego działania uwolnionych wskutek urazu amin biogennych i cytokin