Eigensystem analysis of classical relaxation techniques with applications to multigrid analysis

Classical relaxation techniques are related to numerical methods for solution of ordinary differential equations. Eigensystems for Point-Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, and SOR methods are presented. Solution techniques such as eigenvector annihilation, eigensystem mixing, and multigrid methods are examined with regard to the eigenstructure

An Overview of Progress in the International Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry

[Excerpt] “The pharmaceutical industry, a significant source of healthcare throughout the world, has several features that distinguish it from the rest of the health industry. In the last half-century, new technology, better technological know-how, and overall economic growth have led to widespread and rapid growth in the pharmaceutical sector. Advancements in pharmaceutical research and development have led to the production of drugs that can routinely combat afflictions that, only years ago, were untreatable or even fatal. Since 1970, the average share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on pharmaceutical goods has increased in most Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries by approximately 50%, meaning that pharmaceutical expenditure has increased on average 1.5% more per year than GDP growth. Given that access to health care is fundamental to developed society and that pharmaceutical goods are a significant source of healthcare, drugs should be accessible to everyone across the world. However, universal accessibility to drugs is not an easy feat. As nations work with their pharmaceutical industries to provide the best possible access to drugs, they must do so on limited budgets and while maintaining proper incentives for pharmaceutical companies to continue to innovate. These conflicting objectives are problems unique to the pharmaceutical industry and critical to its successful future. In the European Union (EU), major steps are being made to balance these objectives through the establishment of a Single Market for Pharmaceuticals. As stated in a Commission Communication on the single market in pharmaceuticals, “The purpose of the completion of the Single Market in Pharmaceuticals is not just to provide an environment which is favorable for pharmaceutical innovation and industrial development, it is also to improve consumer choices in pharmaceuticals of the required quality, safety and efficacy, at an affordable cost.” The aim of this note is to present an overview of the major factors that are currently shaping and effecting international trade in the international pharmaceutical industry, and of how these factors contribute to the EU\u27s progression towards a single market. Through outlining the present status of the industry, we hope to facilitate the making of future decisions to reach a better balance between industry innovation and healthcare accessibility.

Algorithm development

The past decade has seen considerable activity in algorithm development for the Navier-Stokes equations. This has resulted in a wide variety of useful new techniques. Some examples for the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations are presented, divided into two parts. One is devoted to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and the other to the compressible form

Harvard University: Opportunities Provided for Religious Worship, Instruction, and Fellowship 1902-03

Booklet concerning religious worship, instruction, and fellowship at Harvard University

Harvard University: Rules Relating to College Studies 1902-03

Booklet describing rules related to college studies at Harvard University

Black Women's Joy and Why It Matters : Heavenly Creatures and the Politics of Feeling Good

This master’s thesis is a study of the phenomena of Black women’s joy what it is, why it matters, and how it is helpful in resisting oppression, including racism, sexism, and social exclusion. It is an attempt to grasp the scope of the social exclusion of Black women in anti-Black and sexist dominant cultures. The Black experience entails learning through specified and insinuated language what one can and cannot do according to the barriers and rules of the dominant culture. Those social norms and ways of being are written and unwritten, and a tone policing exists by the dominant culture to reinforce said norms. The importance of this research aims to explore what Black women’s joy is and how Black women’s joy pushes back on the policing of Black women’s existence and the gender inequalities they experience. It resists the boxes or cages systemically created for Black women. The topic was inspired by the reality of how within the Black experience there is a necessity to navigate oppressive terrain that leaves Black women emotionally, physically, and mentally exhausted and traumatised. Black women choosing to live with joy is a radical act. Thus, Black women’s joy, why it matters, and how it helps in resistance against oppression is a rigorous act of love. Personal experiences depicted via poetry, vignettes, and traditional academic writing is used to share the research and its findings. The vignettes as well as poetry are created from diary entries, which are a record of the researcher’s personal experiences of a Black American woman in general and while living as an international student in Finland in particular. The theories of social exclusion, affect theory, feminist theory, social interaction, and social construction are used as a lens to view and better understand the extent of the marginalisation of Black women and how Black joy is effective as resistance to oppression. The materials for this thesis are personal accounts, autoethnographical material, that have been transformed into a suite of poetry that has been analysed using the methods of autoethnography and poetic inquiry. Experiences related to racial and gender inequality and social exclusion leave Black women with a particular trauma and exhaustion while simultaneously equipping them with particular skills that can lead them from trauma to triumph. Negative experiences can be transformed into positives. Black women’s lived experiences help them to understand their own power. When looking closely at Black women’s journeys of inequity and social exclusion, it is evident that they often acquire tools to handle adversity. There is a connection between one’s own trauma and learning to navigate unfavourable environments. Being able to experience and share joy is especially needed for Black women who are constantly inundated with inhumane acts of racism, sexism, and social exclusion. In response to such substantial issues, the message that “Black joy is an act of resistance” is central to their fight against oppression

Annihilation of Time and Space or Increased Asymmetry? The Usage of the Electric Telegraph by two Swedish Regional Newspapers, 1850–1870

Der elektrische Signale verarbeitende Telegraph habe, so wird oft gesagt, Zeit und Raum „ausgelöscht“, indem er Kommunikation vom physischen Transport der Nachrichten trennte. Der Artikel prüft die empirische Stichhaltigkeit einer solchen Feststellung durch den Vergleich der Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von Neuigkeiten in zwei schwedischen Provinzzeitungen zwischen 1850 und 1870. Die eine wurde im südschwedischen Helsingborg herausgegeben, wo eine gute Anbindung an klassische Transportwege bestand. Die andere erschien im Norden, in der weit abgeschiedeneren Stadt Piteå. Beide Orte waren seit den 1850er Jahren an das Telegraphennetz angeschlossen. Es ließe sich annehmen, dass die Unterschiede in ihrer relativen Distanz zur Hauptstadt Stockholm und zum europäischen Kontinent durch die neue Technologie aufgehoben würden, was sich am Zeitverzug der aufgenommenen Nachrichten messen lässt. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die neue Technologie im Süden rasch vollständig implementiert wurde, im Norden dagegen nur sporadisch zum Einsatz kam. Statt die Distanzen zu verringern führte die neue Technologie sogar zum Anwachsen der relativen Entfernung zwischen den Orten. Dies lag vor allem an Faktoren wie den Kosten für die Verwendung von Nachrichten, die über den Telegraphen übermittelt wurden, im Verhältnis zum Einkommen aus dem Zeitungsvertrieb, sowie den vermuteten Bedürfnissen der Leser

Post-Hype Uses of Drones in News Reporting: Revealing the Site and Presenting Scope

Camera-equipped drones have emerged as an increasingly commonplace tool for media to acquire aerial imagery. Previous research has mainly focused on the innovative aspects and creative potential of the technology. This article argues that early optimistic projections reflected a novelty effect, typical of a culturally embedded idea that new and better technologies continuously replace older ones. Using a historical theory which distinguishes techno-optimistic innovation discourse from actual observations of technology in use, photojournalists were interviewed on the role of drones in news reporting. The results show that the practitioners historicise drones, relating them to previous aerial technologies, and they reflect on current and future uses of drones in journalism based on a notion of phases, where early hype gives way to subsequent drone fatigue. Drones are seen by many as a more convenient tool to do things that journalism has done before, but the convenience increases the use of aerial imagery. The results also show that, although photojournalists see a wide range of potential uses, there are also limitations, including the ideals of the invisible observer, safety concerns, and the perils of over-aesthetic imagery. The post-hype uses of drone photography were summarized in two categories: (a) revealing the site, establishing ‘this happened here’ and (b) presenting scope, or showing how vast or large something is

Harvard University: Committee on the Regulation of Athletic Sports 1903-04

Booklet concerning the committee on the regulation of athletic sports at Harvard University

Diploma, Harvard University, S.T.B, 1904

Earl Clement Davis earned his Bachelor of Sacred Theology, or S.T.B., degree from Harvard in 1904. The S.T.B. degree was the principle degree preparation for persons pursuing ministerial careershttps://commons.clarku.edu/education/1000/thumbnail.jp