A dynamic network Aapproach to the study of syntax

Usage-based linguists and psychologists have produced a large body of empirical results suggesting that linguistic structure is derived from language use. However, while researchers agree that these results characterize grammar as an emergent phenomenon, there is no consensus among usage-based scholars as to how the various results can be explained and integrated into an explicit theory or model. Building on network theory, the current paper outlines a structured network approach to the study of grammar in which the core concepts of syntax are analyzed by a set of relations that specify associations between different aspects of a speaker’s linguistic knowledge. These associations are shaped by domain-general processes that can give rise to new structures and meanings in language acquisition and language change. Combining research from linguistics and psychology, the paper proposes specific network analyses for the following phenomena: argument structure, word classes, constituent structure, constructions and construction families, and grammatical categories such as voice, case and number. The article builds on data and analyses presented in Diessel (2019 ; The Grammar Network. How Linguistic Structure is Shaped by Language Use ) but approaches the topic from a different perspective

Towards Dilated Placement of Dynamic NoC Cores

Instead of mapping application task graphs in a compact manner onto reconfigurable devices using a network-on-chip for interconnecting application cores, we propose dilating the mappings as much as the available latencies on critical connections allow. In a dilated mapping, the unused resources between an application\u27s configured components can be used to provide additional flexibility when the configuration needs to change. We motivate the reasons for dilating application task graphs targeted at reconfigurable devices; derive a simulated annealing approach to dilating the placement of such graphs; and present preliminary results of applying the algorithm to synthetic test cases. The method appears to result in successful and meaningful graph dilation and could be further tuned to satisfy desired power constraints

Trolling for Trolls: The Pitfalls of the Emerging Market Competition Requirement for Permanent Injunctions in Patent Cases Post-\u3cem\u3eeBay\u3c/em\u3e

In eBay v. MercExchange, a unanimous Supreme Court announced that a new four-factor test should be employed by district courts in determining whether to award an injunction or damages to an aggrieved party whose intellectual property has been infringed. In the context of permanent injunctions in patent cases, district courts have distorted the four-factor test resulting in a market competition requirement. Under the new market competition requirement, success at obtaining an injunction is contingent upon a party demonstrating that it is a market competitor After consistent application in the first twenty-five district court cases post-eBay, the market competition requirement is becoming an entrenched doctrine. However, the divergent legal standards used by district courts turning on market competition contravenes the Supreme Court\u27s holding that courts should not apply the four-factor test in a manner that makes the injunctive remedy unavailable based on broad classifications. The market competition requirement may solve some of the problems resulting from holdup by so-called patent trolls, but at a cost potentially too high to bear The market competition requirement may insulate inefficient markets from meaningful competition and decrease incentives to innovate for individual self-made inventors, who drive a large segment of patenting activity. Because the market competition requirement is without foundational support from eBay and is of questionable utility in incentivizing innovation, its continued use is a cause for serious concern

Module Graph Merging and Placement to Reduce Reconfiguration Overheads in Paged FPGA Devices

Reconfiguration time in dynamically-reconfigurable modular systems can severely limit application run-time compared to the critical path delay. In this paper we present a novel method to reduce reconfiguration time by maximising wire use and minimising wire reconfiguration. This builds upon our previously-presented methodology for creating modular, dynamically-reconfigurable applications targeted to an FPGA. The application of our techniques is demonstrated on an optical flow problem and show that graph merging can reduce reconfiguration delay by 50%. 1

Cross-linguistic patterns in the structure, function, and position of (object) complement clauses

The present contribution examines object complement clauses from the perspective of constituent-order typology. In particular, it provides the first principled empirical investigation of the position of object clauses relative to the matrix verb. Based on a stratified sample of 100 languages, we establish that there is an overall cross-linguistic preference for postverbal complements, due largely to the heterogeneous ordering patterns in OV-languages. Importantly, however, we also show that the position of complement clauses correlates with aspects of their structural organization: Preverbal complement clauses are significantly more likely to be coded by morphosyntactically “downgraded” structures than postverbal complements. Given that previous research has found a parallel correlation between structural downgrading and the semantics of the complement-taking predicate (Givón 1980. The binding hierarchy and the typology of complements. Studies in Language 4. 333–377, Cristofaro 2003. Subordination. Oxford: Oxford University Press), one needs to analyze how positional, structural and semantic factors interact with one another. Our data suggest that the correlation between clause order and morphosyntactic structure holds independently of semantic considerations: All predicate classes distinguished in the present study increase their likelihood of taking downgraded complements if they are preceded by the complement clause. We thus propose that, in addition to the well-known “binding hierarchy”, a second correlation needs to be recognized in the typology of complementation: the co-variation of linear order and morphosyntactic structure

Preprint arXiv: 2208.10487 Submitted on 22 Aug 2022

The physics of long-range interacting quantum systems is currently living a renaissance driven by the fast progress in quantum simulators. In these systems many paradigms of statistical physics do not apply and also the universal long-wavelength physics gets substantially modified by the presence of long-ranged forces. Here we explore the low-energy excitations of several long-range interacting quantum systems, including spin models and interacting Bose gases, in the ordered phase associated with the spontaneous breaking of U(1) and SU(2) symmetries. Instead of the expected Goldstone modes, we find three qualitatively different regimes, depending on the range of the interaction. In one of these regimes the Goldstone modes are gapped, via a generalization of the Higgs mechanism. Moreover, we show how this effect is realized in current experiments with ultracold atomic gases in optical cavities

Children’s preference for HAS and LOCATED relations: A word learning bias for noun–noun compounds

The present study investigates children’s bias when interpreting novel noun–noun compounds (e.g. kig donka) that refer to combinations of novel objects (kig and donka). More specifically, it investigates children’s understanding of modifier–head relations of the compounds and their preference for HAS or LOCATED relations (e.g. a donka that HAS a kig or a donka that is LOCATED near a kig) rather than a FOR relation (e.g. a donka that is used FOR kigs). In a forced-choice paradigm, two- and three-year-olds preferred interpretations with HAS/LOCATED relations, while five-year-olds and adults showed no preference for either interpretation. We discuss possible explanations\ud for this preference and its relation to another word learning bias that is based on perceptual features of the referent objects, i.e. the shape bias. We argue that children initially focus on a perceptual stability rather than a pure conceptual stability when interpreting the meaning of nouns

Emergent Kardar-Parisi-Zhang phase in quadratically driven condensates

In bosonic gases at thermal equilibrium, an external quadratic drive can induce a Bose-Einstein condensation described by the Ising transition, as a consequence of the explicitly broken U(1) phase rotation symmetry down to $\mathbb{Z}_2$. However, in physical realizations such as exciton-polaritons and nonlinear photonic lattices, thermal equilibrium is lost and the state is rather determined by a balance between losses and external drive. A fundamental question is then how nonequilibrium fluctuations affect this transition. Here, we show that in a two-dimensional driven-dissipative Bose system the Ising phase is suppressed and replaced by a nonequilibrium phase featuring Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) physics. Its emergence is rooted in a U(1)-symmetry restoration mechanism enabled by the strong fluctuations in reduced dimensionality. Moreover, we show that the presence of the quadratic drive term enhances the visibility of the KPZ scaling, compared to two-dimensional U(1)-symmetric gases, where it has remained so far elusive