Semantic Processing in Adults with High Functioning Autism

This study examined the semantic processing of 19 adults with high-functioning autism (HFA) and 18 age and verbal-IQ matched controls using language tasks that varied in the demand for simple or integrative processing. On standardized measures, the individuals with autism had relatively intact vocabulary skills compared to controls, whereas the comprehension and use of figurative language was relatively weaker. The adults with HFA were relatively insensitive to context and incorrectly completed sentences with a commonly associated word pair rather than a semantically appropriate response. On a 3-letter word stem completion task, the autism group provided a similar mean number of words for each word stem as the controls. The individuals with autism had a significantly longer reaction time when choosing a real word versus nonword compared to the control group. Semantic processing skills are relatively intact in individuals with HFA but are affected by demands for integration and time constraints

Caractérisation des sols organiques cultivés du sud-ouest de Montréal : formation de groupes de gestion des sols à des fins de conservation

Les sols organiques cultivés des basses-terres du Saint-Laurent sont parmi les sols maraîchers les plus productifs de la province et fournissent les aliments de base d'une grande partie de la population québécoise et du nord-est des États-Unis. Par leur mise en culture, ces sols sont exposés à différents processus de dégradation et de perte de hauteur de sol. Par conséquent, un important plan de conservation vise les sols dégradés et ceux à risque. Ce mémoire a pour objectifs de faire un bilan des propriétés physiques, chimiques et pédologiques de cinq tourbières de la région en plus de définir et de former des groupes de gestion des sols à des fins de conservation. L'hypothèse de départ supposait l'existence de groupes de sols liés à la qualité agronomique ou au grand groupe pédologique de 120 sites échantillonnés en 2019. Au terme de l'étude, une MANOVA a permis de conclure que la profondeur cultivable était une propriété clé pouvant classifier les sites en fonction de leur dégradation. Les sols ayant une profondeur cultivable de moins de 60 cm montraient des comportements significativement différents, résultats supportés par 17 propriétés discriminantes entre les groupes. Un second seuil pratique de 100 cm, celui-ci étant relié au drainage, a aussi été retenu. Ensuite, un second volet axé sur la cartographie numérique a permis de générer des cartes prédictives à l'échelle régionale de la profondeur au sol minéral, de l'épaisseur de la couche de coprogène et de la profondeur de sol cultivable en combinant les deux premières. Les données cumulées permettront de suivre l'évolution des sols dans le temps, alors que les cartes serviront d'outils complémentaires d'aide à la décision afin de cibler des zones d'intervention prioritaires pour conserver les ressources en sol de la région.Organic soils converted to agricultural fields in the southwest plain of Montreal are amongst the most productive soils for horticulture in Quebec, not only supplying food for the province but also to the north-eastern part of the United-States. After their initial drainage to allow agriculture, Organic soils are susceptible to many forms of degradation and soil loss. Therefore, an important soil conservation plan is targeting degraded soils and soil at risk. The objectives of this master's thesis are to characterize soil physical, chemical and pedological properties of five peatlands in addition to forming soil conservation management groups. The initial hypothesis supposed the existence of latent groups related to soil quality or pedological Great Groups of 120 sampling sites visited in 2019. As a result of that work, a MANOVA lead to the conclusion that the peat maximum thickness of cultivation is a key property that is related to soil degradation. Soils with a peat maximum thickness of cultivation lower than 60 cm showed significantly more degradation signs. These results are supported by 17 discriminant properties between the groups. A second critical threshold of 100 cm was also established. The second part of this thesis used digital soil mapping as a tool to generate predictive maps at a regional scale of the depth to the mineral layer, coprogenous layer thickness and peat maximum thickness of cultivation by subtracting the first two maps. The rich dataset formed in this study will be used to monitor soil evolution while the maps will serve as complementary decision tools to target fields for a prioritized soil conservation intervention

Readers of the m6A epitranscriptomic code

International audienceN6-methyl adenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent and evolutionarily conserved, modification of polymerase II transcribed RNAs. By post-transcriptionally controlling patterns of gene expression, m6A deposition is crucial for organism reproduction, development and likely stress responses. m6A mostly mediates its effect by recruiting reader proteins that either directly accommodate the modified residue in a hydrophobic pocket formed by their YTH domain, or otherwise have their affinity positively influenced by the presence of m6A. We firstly describe here the evolutionary history, and review known molecular and physiological roles of eukaryote YTH readers. In the second part, we present non YTH-proteins whose roles as m6A readers largely remain to be explored. The diversity and multiplicity of m6A readers together with the possibility to regulate their expression and function in response to various cues, offers a multitude of possible combinations to rapidly and finely tune gene expression patterns and hence cellular plasticity

Design and Construction of a Velocity Probe Calibration Rig

This report describes the design and construction of a velocity probe calibration rig to be used in future fluids research at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. A high accuracy, automated device was manufactured with the capability of taking flow measurements over a wide range of testing conditions. This instrument was designed to collect low speed airflow measurements from a probe over a range of pitch and yaw angles, with both pressure probes and hot wire anemometers. The major components of this device included a flow channel, probe manipulator, and an axial fan drive system. The probe manipulator was designed to provide greater than 1/10 degree positioning accuracy, and repeatability in fluids experimentation

The analogous and opposing roles of double-stranded RNA-binding proteins in bacterial resistance

International audienc

The La-related protein 1-specific domain repurposes HEAT-like repeats to directly bind a 5′TOP sequence

La-related protein 1 (LARP1) regulates the stability of many mRNAs. These include 5′TOPs, mTOR-kinase responsive mRNAs with pyrimidine-rich 5′ UTRs, which encode ribosomal proteins and translation factors. We determined that the highly conserved LARP1-specific C-terminal DM15 region of human LARP1 directly binds a 5′TOP sequence. The crystal structure of this DM15 region refined to 1.86 Å resolution has three structurally related and evolutionarily conserved helix-turn-helix modules within each monomer. These motifs resemble HEAT repeats, ubiquitous helical protein-binding structures, but their sequences are inconsistent with consensus sequences of known HEAT modules, suggesting this structure has been repurposed for RNA interactions. A putative mTORC1-recognition sequence sits within a flexible loop C-terminal to these repeats. We also present modelling of pyrimidine-rich single-stranded RNA onto the highly conserved surface of the DM15 region. These studies lay the foundation necessary for proceeding toward a structural mechanism by which LARP1 links mTOR signaling to ribosome biogenesis

COP1, a Negative Regulator of Photomorphogenesis, Positively Regulates Plant Disease Resistance via Double-Stranded RNA Binding Proteins

The E3 ubiquitin ligase COP1 (Constitutive Photomorphogenesis 1) is a well known component of the light-mediated plant development that acts as a repressor of photomorphogenesis. Here we show that COP1 positively regulates defense against turnip crinkle virus (TCV) and avrRPM1 bacteria by contributing to stability of resistance (R) protein HRT and RPM1, respectively. HRT and RPM1 levels and thereby pathogen resistance is significantly reduced in the cop1 mutant background. Notably, the levels of at least two double-stranded RNA binding (DRB) proteins DRB1 and DRB4 are reduced in the cop1 mutant background suggesting that COP1 affects HRT stability via its effect on the DRB proteins. Indeed, a mutation in either drb1 or drb4 resulted in degradation of HRT. In contrast to COP1, a multi-subunit E3 ligase encoded by anaphase-promoting complex (APC) 10 negatively regulates DRB4 and TCV resistance but had no effect on DRB1 levels. We propose that COP1-mediated positive regulation of HRT is dependent on a balance between COP1 and negative regulators that target DRB1 and DRB4

Mitochondrial ROS prime the hyperglycemic shift from apoptosis to necroptosis.

We have previously identified a shift from TNF-α-induced apoptosis to necroptosis that occurs under hyperglycemic conditions. This shift involves the downregulation or silencing of caspases and concurrent upregulation of necroptotic proteins leading to activation of the necrosome. In addition, under hyperglycemic conditions in vivo, this shift in cell death mechanisms exacerbates neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury. Here, we identify two major factors that drive the hyperglycemic shift to necroptosis: (1) reactive oxygen species (ROS) and (2) receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1). ROS, including mitochondrial superoxide, led to the oxidation of RIP1, as well as formation and activation of the necrosome. Concurrently, ROS mediate a decrease in the levels and activation of executioner caspases-3, -6, and -7. Importantly, hyperglycemia and mitochondrial ROS result in the oxidation of RIP1 and loss of executioner caspases prior to death receptor engagement by TNF-α. Moreover, RIP1 partially controlled levels of mitochondrial ROS in the context of hyperglycemia. As a result of its regulation of ROS, RIP1 also regulated necrosome activation and caspase loss. Mitochondrial ROS exacerbated neonatal HI-brain injury in hyperglycemic mice, as a result of the shift from apoptosis to necroptosis

The CACTA transposon Bot1 played a major role in Brassica genome divergence and gene proliferation

We isolated and characterized a Brassica C genome-specific CACTA element, which was designated Bot1 (Brassica oleracea transposon 1). After analysing phylogenetic relationships, copy numbers and sequence similarity of Bot1 and Bot1 analogues in B. oleracea (C genome) versus Brassica rapa (A genome), we concluded that Bot1 has encountered several rounds of amplification in the oleracea genome only, and has played a major role in the recent rapa and oleracea genome divergence. We performed in silico analyses of the genomic organization and internal structure of Bot1, and established which segment of Bot1 is C-genome specific. Our work reports a fully characterized Brassica repetitive sequence that can distinguish the Brassica A and C chromosomes in the allotetraploid Brassica napus, by fluorescent in situ hybridization. We demonstrated that Bot1 carries a host S locus-associated SLL3 gene copy. We speculate that Bot1 was involved in the proliferation of SLL3 around the Brassica genome. The present study reinforces the assumption that transposons are a major driver of genome and gene evolution in higher plants

SINE RNA Induces Severe Developmental Defects in Arabidopsis thaliana and Interacts with HYL1 (DRB1), a Key Member of the DCL1 Complex

The proper temporal and spatial expression of genes during plant development is governed, in part, by the regulatory activities of various types of small RNAs produced by the different RNAi pathways. Here we report that transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing the rapeseed SB1 SINE retroposon exhibit developmental defects resembling those observed in some RNAi mutants. We show that SB1 RNA interacts with HYL1 (DRB1), a double-stranded RNA-binding protein (dsRBP) that associates with the Dicer homologue DCL1 to produce microRNAs. RNase V1 protection assays mapped the binding site of HYL1 to a SB1 region that mimics the hairpin structure of microRNA precursors. We also show that HYL1, upon binding to RNA substrates, induces conformational changes that force single-stranded RNA regions to adopt a structured helix-like conformation. Xenopus laevis ADAR1, but not Arabidopsis DRB4, binds SB1 RNA in the same region as HYL1, suggesting that SINE RNAs bind only a subset of dsRBPs. Consistently, DCL4-DRB4-dependent miRNA accumulation was unchanged in SB1 transgenic Arabidopsis, whereas DCL1-HYL1-dependent miRNA and DCL1-HYL1-DCL4-DRB4-dependent tasiRNA accumulation was decreased. We propose that SINE RNA can modulate the activity of the RNAi pathways in plants and possibly in other eukaryotes