Reflexões não-kantianas Sobre a Pedagogia

The following reflection article intends, besides commemorating the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant and his work Über Pädagogik or On Pedagogy, to elucidate in a non-Kantian or critical way those pedagogical and educational contributions that have served as rational and enlightened foundations to think both education and our discipline. This, with the clear objective of honoring the most important lesson of this philosopher in the framework of the great historical project called Enlightenment, that is, Sapere aude or “to have the courage to use my own understanding” regarding the subject in question. For this reason, in the first part of this paper we develop some brief notes on the author and the work in question with respect to the influence on pedagogical thought, in addition to two synoptic tables in which the two parts into which the Kantian treatise on pedagogy can be divided are represented, and of course, the cardinal concepts analyzed in the second part of the article. In the latter, the arguments that give shape to the so-called non-Kantian reflections of On Pedagogy are developed, which are intended to provoke a reflective exercise on the Kantian contributions to pedagogical and educational thought.El siguiente artículo de reflexión tiene como intención, además de conmemorar al filósofo prusiano Immanuel Kant y su obra Über Pädagogik o Sobre pedagogía, elucubrar de manera no kantiana o crítica sobre aquellos aportes pedagógicos y educativos que han fungido como fundamentos racionales e ilustrados para pensar tanto la educación como nuestra disciplina. Esto, con el franco objetivo de honrar la lección más importante de dicho filósofo en el marco del gran proyecto histórico llamado Ilustración, es decir, Sapere aude o “tener el valor de servirme de mi propio entendimiento”. Por tal motivo, en la primera parte de este escrito se desarrollan unas breves notas en torno al autor y la obra en cuestión respecto al influjo en el pensamiento pedagógico, además de dos cuadros sinópticos en los que se representan las dos partes en las que puede dividirse el tratado de pedagogía kantiano, y por supuesto, los conceptos cardinales analizados en la segunda parte del artículo. En esta última, se desarrollan los argumentos que dan forma a las llamadas cavilaciones no kantianas de Sobre pedagogía, esto es, aquellas que tienen la intención de provocar un ejercicio reflexivo sobre los aportes kantianos para el pensamiento pedagógico y educativo.O artigo reflexivo que se segue pretende, para além de homenagear o filósofo prussiano Immanuel Kant e a sua obra Über Pädagogik ou Sobre a Pedagogia, elucidar de forma não kantiana ou crítica os contributos pedagógicos e educativos que serviram de fundamento racional e esclarecido para pensar a educação e a nossa disciplina. Isto, com o franco objetivo de honrar a lição mais importante deste filósofo no quadro do grande projeto histórico chamado Iluminismo, ou seja, Sapere aude ou “ter a coragem de usar o meu próprio entendimento” no que diz respeito ao assunto em questão. Por esta razão, a primeira parte deste artigo contém breves notas sobre o autor e a obra em questão no que respeita à influência no pensamento pedagógico, bem como dois quadros sinópticos nos quais estão representadas as duas partes em que se pode dividir o tratado kantiano de pedagogia e, naturalmente, os conceitos cardinais analisados na segunda parte do artigo. Nesta última, são desenvolvidos os argumentos que enformam as chamadas reflexões não kantianas do Sobre a Pedagogia, que pretendem provocar um exercício reflexivo sobre os contributos kantianos para o pensamento pedagógico e educacional

Development and application of new machine learning models for the study of colorectal cancer

En la actualidad, en el ámbito sanitario, hay un interés creciente en la consideración de técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial, en concreto técnicas de Aprendizaje Automático o Machine Learning, que tan buenos resultados están proporcionando desde hace tiempo en diferentes ámbitos, como la industria, el comercio electrónico, la educación, etc. Sin embargo, en el ámbito de la sanidad hay un reto aún mayor ya que, además de necesitar sistemas muy probados, puesto que sus resultados van a repercutir directamente en la salud de las personas, también es necesario alcanzar un buen equilibrio en cuanto a interpretabilidad. Esto es de gran importancia ya que, actualmente, con métodos de caja negra, que pueden llegar a ser muy precisos, es difícil saber qué motivó que el sistema automático tomara una decisión y no otra. Esto puede generar rechazo entre los profesionales sanitarios debido a la inseguridad que pueden llegar a sentir por no poder explicar una decisión clínica tomada en base a un sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones. En este contexto, desde el primer momento establecimos que la interpretabilidad de los resultados debía ser una de las premisas que gobernara transversalmente todo el trabajo que se desarrollara en esta tesis doctoral. En este sentido, todos los desarrollos realizados generan bien árboles de clasificación (los cuales dan lugar a reglas interpretables) o bien reglas de asociación que describen relaciones entre los datos existentes. Por otro lado, el cáncer colorrectal es una neoplasia maligna con una alta morbimortalidad tanto en hombres como en mujeres. Esta requiere, indiscutiblemente, de una atención multidisciplinar en la que diferentes profesionales sanitarios (médicos de familia, gastroenterólogos, radiólogos, cirujanos, oncólogos, farmacéuticos, personal de enfermería, etc.) realicen un abordaje conjunto de la patología para ofrecer la mejor atención posible al paciente. Pero además, en adelante, sería muy interesante incorporar a científicos de datos en ese equipo multidisciplinar, ya que se puede sacar un gran partido a toda la información que se genera diariamente sobre esta patología. En esta tesis doctoral se ha planteado, precisamente, el estudio de un conjunto de datos de pacientes con cáncer colorrectal con un un conjunto de técnicas de inteligencia artificial y el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de aprendizaje automático para el mismo. Los resultados han sido los que se exponen a continuación: Una revisión bibliográfica sobre el uso de Machine Learning aplicado a cáncer colorrectal, a partir de la cual se ha realizado una taxonomía de los trabajos existentes a fecha de realización del estudio del estado del arte. Esta taxonomía clasifica los diferentes trabajos estudiados atendiendo a diferentes criterios como son el tipo de dataset utilizado, el tipo de algoritmo implementado, el tamaño del dataset y su disponibilidad pública, el uso o no de algoritmos de selección de características y el uso o no de técnicas de extracción de características. Un modelo de extracción de reglas de asociación de clases con la intención de entender mejor por qué algunos pacientes podrían sufrir complicaciones tras una intervención quirúrgica o recidivas de su cáncer. Este trabajo ha dado lugar a una metodología para la obtención de descripciones interpretables y manejables (es importante que las reglas generadas tengan un tamaño reducido de manera que así sea útil para los sanitarios). Un modelo de selección de características y de instancias para poder inducir mejores árboles de clasificación. Un algoritmo de Evolución Gramatical para inducir una gran variedad de árboles de clasificación tan precisos como los obtenidos por los conocidos métodos C4.5 y CART. En este caso, se ha utilizado la librería PonyGE2 de Python y, debido a su escasa especificidad para aplicación a nuestro problema, se han desarrollado una serie de operadores que permiten inducir árboles más interpretables en comparación con los que produce PonyGE2 de forma estándar. Los resultados obtenidos en cada uno de los desarrollos realizados se han comparado con los resultados proporcionados por métodos existentes en la literatura y de reconocido prestigio, tanto del campo de la clasificación como del campo de la minería de reglas de asociación, demostrándose una mejor adaptación de nuestros modelos a las características que presentaba el conjunto de datos de estudio, y que pueden ser de aplicación a otros casos.Today, in healthcare, there is a growing interest in considering Artificial Intelligence techniques, specifically Machine Learning techniques, which have been providing good results in different fields such as industry, e‑commerce, education, etc., since a long time ago. However, in the field of healthcare there is an even greater challenge because it is needed both highly tested systems, since their results will have a direct impact on people's health, and a good level in terms of interpretability. This is very important since with black box methods, which can be very precise, it will be dificult to know what motivated the automatic system to take one decision or any other. This fact can generate rejection among healthcare professionals due to the insecurity they may feel because they cannot explain a clinical decision taken on the basis of a decision support system. In this context, from the very begining we established that the interpretability of the results should be one of the premises leading all the work carried out in this doctoral thesis. In this sense, all the developments carried out generate either classification trees (which produce interpretable rules) or association rules that describe relationships between existing data. On the other hand, colorectal cancer is a malignant neoplasia with a high morbidity and mortality rate in both men and women, which unquestionably requires multidisciplinary care in which different healthcare professionals (family doctors, gastroenterologists, radiologists, surgeons, oncologists, pharmacists, nursing staff, etc.) take a joint approach to the pathology in order to offer the best possible care to the patient. But it would also be very interesting to incorporate data scientists into this multidisciplinary team in the future, as they can make the most of all the information that is generated on this pathology daily. In this doctoral thesis, it has been proposed the study of a dataset of patients with colorectal cancer with a set of artificial intelligence techniques and the development of new machine learning models for it. The results are shown below: A literature review on the use of Machine Learning applied to colorectal cancer, from which a taxonomy of the existing works has been produced. This taxonomy classifies the different works of the state‑of‑the‑arte according to different criterio such as the type of dataset that has been used, the type of algorithm that has been implemented, the size of the dataset and its public availability, the use or not of feature selection algorithms and the use or not of feature extraction techniques. A class association rule extraction model with the intention of better understanding why some patients might experience complications after surgery or recurrence of their cancer. This work has given rise to a methodology for obtaining interpretable and manageable descriptions (it is important that the generated rules have a reduced size so that they are useful for practitioners). A feature and instance selection model to induce better classification trees. A Grammatical Evolution algorithm to induce a wide variety of classification trees as accurate as those obtained by the well‑known C4.5 and CART methods. In this case, the PonyGE2 Python library has been used and, due to its low specificity for application to our problem, a series of operators have been developed, which allow inducing more interpretable trees compared to those produced by PonyGE2 in a standard way. The results obtained in each of the developments carried out have been compared with the results provided by well known methods existing in the literature, both in the field of classification and in the field of association rule mining, demonstrating a better fit of our models to the features of the dataset, which can be applied to other cases. great efficiency in our models. This demonstrates that it is possible to reach a good balance between precision and interpretability

Competitive Retro-Cycloaddition Reaction in Fullerene Dimers Connected through Pyrrolidino-pyrazolino Rings

International audienc

Gestão de naming na empresa familiar

Los objetivos de nuestro trabajo son, en primer lugar, señalar las características de la empresa familiar, del familiness, que la convierten en un tipo de organización especialmente confiable y reputada. En segundo lugar, planteamos la interrelación reputacional entre productos y servicios y la empresa familiar, así como entre la reputación de la familia y la reputación de la empresa. Por último tratamos la relación entre el nombre patronímico de la empresa familiar al servicio de la gestión de la empresa. Como conclusión, cabe indicar que, según la literatura existente, el nombre patronímico en la empresa familiar, y usado en sus produtos y servicios, proporciona beneficios a la organización, tanto en términos comerciales, como corporativos.The objectives of our work are to point out the characteristics of the family business, of familiness, which make it a particularly trustworthy and reputable organisation. We will discuss the reputational interrelationship between products and services and the family business, as well as between the reputation of the family and the reputation of the company. Finally, we address the relationship between the patronymic name of the family business in the service of the company's management. In conclusion, it should be noted that, according to the existing literature, the patronymic name in the family business and in its products provides benefits to the organisation, both commercially and in terms of management or corporate

Femvertising and COVID-19—What Did Brand Owners Broadcast during the Lockdown?

The aim of this study was to analyze, from a gender perspective, advertising broadcasts during a time of crisis. A holistic perspective of the stereotypes, roles, professions, and gender relations represented is offered by utilizing a content analysis of all the advertisements and their corresponding images during broadcast. Methods: a content analysis of 20 variables was conducted; of these, 7 variables were obtained from under the gender perspective of 1.350 images, corresponding to 71 audiovisual spots on YouTube that were broadcasted during the lockdown. Results: this analysis showed the special sensitivity of advertisers when balancing male and female presences, and in projecting an equitable and co-responsible vision between both genders, with special emphasis on gender professions, teleworking, and childcare. Corporate advertising predominates over commercial advertising, which may explain why the discourse and images blur inequalities and imbalances with respect to official statistics. Conclusions: advertisers seem to have noticed the strategic role of introducing gender perspectives into advertising, thus assuming a more social function that better connects them with today’s society while also supporting the advances and challenges of equal opportunities.The research was funded by Junta de Andalucía PY20_00407 and Funding for Open Access Charge: Universidad de Málaga/CBUA

Depresión en el personal de custodia y vigilancia de un establecimiento penitenciario de mediana seguridad y carcelario, 2019

La depresión es un trastorno mental que constituye un problema de salud pública y afecta a millones de personas en todo el mundo; se asocia a problemas y conductas no deseables difíciles de eliminar, contribuyendo a una carga mundial de discapacidad y mortalidad. Para describir la depresión en el personal de custodia y vigilancia de un establecimiento penitenciario de mediana seguridad y carcelario 2019, se realizará un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cuantitativo, aplicando una encuesta basada en el cuestionario Hamilton para la depresión (HAM-D); la información se procesará en el paquete estadístico SPSS. Entre los resultados esperados está la identificación de la depresión en dicha población, el grado de depresión de la población estudio, y se establecerán los síntomas de la depresión en dicha población

Resilience and Anti-Stress during COVID-19 Isolation in Spain: An Analysis through Audiovisual Spots

This study analyses broadcasted advertising spots during the COVID-19 isolation period in Spain. It aims to identify the narrative communicative resources and messages spread by companies/brands under the background of a global pandemic, where a common pattern highlighting the social function of brands is supposed, specifically regarding stress and resilience. We propose a mixed method based on the combination of qualitative analysis of the content of a compendium of 71 commercials and statistical analysis to group and test the correlations between some key variables, thus incorporating multivariate analysis with a quantitative method. Our main finding is the collective trend and communicative behaviour in the advertising of companies/brands during isolation, in which a change in the traditional role of advertising communication has occurred, where advertisers have become a key support in combatting the disease and a key support for health and psychological management in the Spanish population. In fact, they act as guardians of resilience and promoters for alleviating stress.The research was funded by Corporate Brand Research Group UA_Brandscience (University of Alicante, Spain) and the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 under grant number UMA18-FEDERJA-148 and Plan Propio Universidad de Málaga

The First Case of Short-Spiked Canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys) with Cross-Resistance to ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Iran

The weed Phalaris brachystachys Link. severely affects winter cereal production. Acetyle-CoA Carboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides are commonly used to control this weed in wheat fields. Thirty-six populations with suspected resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides were collected from wheat fields in the Golestan Province in Iran. A rapid test performed in Petri dishes and whole-plant dose–response experiments were conducted to confirm and investigate the resistance level of P. brachystachys to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The seed bioassay results showed that 0.02 mg ai L−1 clodinafop-propargyl (CP) and 1.36 mg ai L−1 of the diclofop-methyl (DM) solution were the optimal amounts for reliably screening resistant and susceptible P. brachystachys populations. In the whole plant bioassay, all populations were found to be resistant to CP, resistance ratios ranging from 2.7 to 11.6, and all of the CP-resistant populations exhibited resistance to DM. Fourteen populations showed low resistance to cycloxydim, and thirteen of these populations were also 2-fold resistant to pinoxaden. The results showed that DM resistance in some P. brachystachys populations is likely due to their enhanced herbicide metabolism, which involves Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, as demonstrated by the indirect assay. This is the first report confirming the cross-resistance of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in P. brachystachys in Iran

Optical Absorption and Emission Properties of End-capped Oligothienoacenes: A Joint Theoretical and Experimental Study

The electron–vibration coupling in a family of silyl end-capped oligothienoacenes is investigated on the basis of a joint experimental and theoretical study using UV–vis absorption and emission spectroscopies and density functional theory calculations. Well-resolved vibronic progressions are found in the low-temperature absorption and emission profiles of these silyl-functionalized organic molecules. As the size of the oligomer lengthens a bathochromic shift is observed in the near-UV–vis range, indicative of the extension of the effective π-conjugation. The absorption and emission bands are practically mirror-symmetric. The combination of two normal modes with frequencies of $\sim 1500 cm^{−1}$ and $\sim 500 cm^{−1}$ determines the main vibronic progression in absorption and emission for all the series, although for larger oligomers (n = 6, 7, and 8) the presence of low-frequency normal modes ($\sim100 cm^{−1}$) is also evident. The spacing of the vibrational features is slightly larger in absorption than in emission; this agrees with the predicted shifting of the C−C stretching modes of the inner-most ring toward the high-frequency region as a result of the reversal of the single–double C−C pattern in the electronic excited-state. Our calculations indicate that the contributions of the end-capping groups to the total relaxation energy of the $S_0 \rightarrow S_1$ and $S_1 \rightarrow S_0$ transitions are almost negligible. This result suggest that the vibronic structure and to a large extent the spectral profiles of the silyl end-capped oligothienoacenes are mainly determined by their respective oligothienyl core.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog