Heat transfer in pipes

The heat transfer from hot water to a cold copper pipe in laminar and turbulent flow condition is determined. The mean flow through velocity in the pipe, relative test length and initial temperature in the vessel were varied extensively during tests. Measurements confirm Nusselt's theory for large test lengths in laminar range. A new equation is derived for heat transfer for large starting lengths which agrees satisfactorily with measurements for large starting lengths. Test results are compared with the new Prandtl equation for heat transfer and correlated well. Test material for 200- and to 400-diameter test length is represented at four different vessel temperatures

Challenging Behaviors in Young Children: The Father\u27s Role

In this study, the authors examined the parenting practices, developmental expectations, and stress levels of 136 fathers and the challenging and prosocial behaviors of their 1- to 5-year-old children. In addition, the authors systematically addressed fathers\u27 qualitative concerns about their parenting. The authors divided the participants into 4 groups and controlled for family socioeconomic status (SES) and the focus child\u27s gender. Results showed a significantly higher use of corporal and verbal punishment and parenting stress among lower income fathers. Secondary analyses demonstrated a significant effect of paternal disciplinary practices that emphasized the frequent use of corporal and verbal punishment on child behavior problems, regardless of SES level. On a positive note, fathers from both lower and higher SES groups had reasonable developmental expectations for their boys and girls, and they reported similar frequencies of their children\u27s prosocial behavior. The authors discuss the need for early parent education programs that include fathers and that teach specific strategies to address child behavior problems

The Military Lens: Doctrinal Difference andDeterrence Failure in Sino-American Relations, by Christopher P. Twomey

It has been said that “weapons speak to the wise—but in general they need interpreters.” The Military Lens, writ- ten by political scientist Christopher P. Twomey, associate professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, in Monterey, California, shows the difficulty of that quote. Twomey makes a strong case that differing military languages and doctrines explain otherwise puzzling examples of deterrence failure and escalation

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES ON PREDICTING RARE-PLANT HABITAT IN THE NEZ PERCE NATIONAL FOREST

Habitat suitability modeling is widely-used in both biogeography and ecology to characterize the biophysical requirements and distribution of plant and animal species. Many of these modeling efforts use different variants of essentially the same topo-climatic variables (elevation, slope, aspect, precipitation, and temperature). However, these commonly used variables may not sufficiently explain the distribution of rare-plant species, which may have additional habitat needs. The aim of this project was to determine guidelines for selection of variables to include in statistical modeling efforts to predict suitable rare-plant habitat. Additionally, how background extent, data resolution, sample size, and various ranking criteria effect environmental variable selection were considered. For this case study, Broad-fruit Mariposa (Calochortus nitidus Dougl.) a rare-plant species found within the 2.2 million acre Nez Perce National Forest of north-central Idaho was used. The study area is dominated by mountainous terrain, with elevations ranging from 500 to 2800 m (~1500 to 9000 ft). The widely used MAXENT model and additional methods were used to statistically determine the relative importance of more than 30 environmental variables considered in the analysis and yield recommendations about the most effective way of utilizing these often highly correlated variables. Study area extent and the sample size of occurrence data had by far the greatest impact. Sensitivity to these factors resulted in variables being ranked differently, but the majority of the models ranked elevation, May precipitation, vegetation type, April minimum temperature, NDMI, September precipitation, and July maximum temperature as highly important for Broad-fruit mariposa. Vegetation type, NDMI and NDVI tended to be ranked highest when modeled at the 30×30 m resolution, suggesting that these fine resolution datasets may be extremely valuable in predicting the habitat of Broad-fruit mariposa

Power and Military Effectiveness:The Fallacy of Democratic Triumphalism

The notion that “democracies don’t fight one another” is well known, but recently some scholars have made a stronger claim—that when democracies do fight wars, their battlefield effective- ness is far greater than that of nonde- mocracies with comparable technology and training. Michael Desch challenges the supposed military prowess of democracies in his book Power and Military Effectiveness: The Fallacy of Democratic Triumphal- ism. Desch, a political scientist, holds the Robert M. Gates Chair in Intelli- gence and National Security Decision- Making at Texas A&M University and is an authority on civil-military relations

Maximizing the Informal Education of Death Valley National Park Ichnofossils

Certain sites within Death Valley National Park contain ample ichnofossils, specifically vertebrate animal tracks, dating back to the Pliocene. Since the majority of these track locations are closed to the general public, their scientific significance and educational value toward improving the geoliteracy of the general public remain unexplored. Based on the impressive amount of ichnofossils present at the park, this research investigates how to improve general public geoliteracy through these tracks, using basic principles and supporting concepts of the National Science Foundation’s Earth Science Literacy Initiative, while respecting the security measures of the park and adhering to National Park Service interpretation guidelines

Maximizing the Informal Education of Death Valley National Park Ichnofossils

Certain sites within Death Valley National Park contain ample ichnofossils, specifically vertebrate animal tracks, dating back to the Pliocene. Since the majority of these track locations are closed to the general public, their scientific significance and educational value toward improving the geoliteracy of the general public remain unexplored. Based on the impressive amount of ichnofossils present at the park, this research investigates how to improve general public geoliteracy through these tracks, using basic principles and supporting concepts of the National Science Foundation’s Earth Science Literacy Initiative, while respecting the security measures of the park and adhering to National Park Service interpretation guidelines

Motherhood Discourse in the Law: Biological Fathers and Third Party Cases

In an effort to determine how judges define motherhood a cluster criticism analysis was employed on twenty seven court opinions. These court opinions stemmed from custody cases between biological fathers and third parties. Results indicated three major themes emerging from the discourse. The themes labeled Lie/Deception and Rejected/Thwarted indicated that mothers are held accountable when they do not live up to the dominant cultural ideology of motherhood. The theme labeled Mother\u27s Legal Status refers to the debate within law over the equality of men and women in the case of pregnancy