The Phenomenon of Banished Soldiers in Polish Schools as an Example of the Politics of Memory

Purpose: The article intends to analyse the manner in which banished soldiers are presented in the new history curriculum at schools in Poland as an example of the politics of memory. Design/methodology/approach: The analyses performed included the following issues: the history of banished soldiers, the core history curriculum after the education reform in Poland, its objectives and goals (with particular emphasis on banished soldiers), the manner of presenting the banished soldiers in educational, public and social environments in Poland today, the impact of new historical politics on the Polish society and democracy. Findings: The manner of presenting the issue of banished soldiers in the core curriculum for teaching history in Polish schools exemplifies the efforts to introduce a new political paradigm into the educational context. The primary purposes of teaching history at schools have become to stir up patriotic emotions and strengthen bonds with the Polish nation. These goals are to be reached by promoting distinguished figures in the country. However, any controversies related to the “heroes” are deliberately ignored, which is especially evident in the case of banished soldiers. Patriotism is identified with a black and white vision of history that emphasizes the good acts of "Poles" and the cruel acts of "others". The simplified vision of history, which expressly ignores controversies and is reluctant to discuss dilemmas, is a real threat to the future of Polish democracy

Polygonal micro-whirlpools induced in ferrofluids

We report on the observation of the polygonal whirlpools in the thin layer of ferrofluid under illumination with a laser beam carrying optical vortex and in the presence of a vertical magnetic field. This kind of structures have attracted attention after discovering a hexagonal storm in Saturns atmosphere. Our polygonal whirlpools were created in a closed system (no free surfaces) in micro scale (whirlpool diameter less than 20 micrometers) by the use of holographic optical tweezers. The polygonal shape was changed by varying the magnetic field strength or value of the optical vortex topological charge

A dynamic view of cellular processes by in vivo fluorescence auto- and cross-correlation spectroscopy

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) is becoming increasingly popular as a technique that aims at complementing live cell images with biophysical information. This article provides both a short overview over recent intracellular FCS applications and a practical guide for investigators, who are seeking to integrate FCS into live cell imaging to obtain information on particle mobility, local concentrations, and molecular interactions. A brief introduction to the principles of FCS is provided, particularly emphasizing practical aspects such as the choice of appropriate dyes and positioning of the measurement volume in the sample. Possibilities and limitations in extracting parameters from autocorrelation curves are discussed, and attention is drawn to potential artifacts, such as photobleaching and probe aggregation. The principle of dual- color cross-correlation is reviewed along with considerations for proper setup and adjustment. Practical implications of nonideal conditions including incomplete focus overlap and spectral crosstalk are considered. Recent examples of both auto- and cross-correlation applications demonstrate the potential of FCS for cell biology. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved

Probing the endocytic pathway in live cells using dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation analysis

Fluorescence (auto)correlaion spectroscopy (FCS) has developed into a widely used method for investigating molecular dynamics and mobility of molecules in vitro and in vivo. Dual-color cross-correlation, an extension of this technique, also assesses the concomitant movement of two spectrally distinguishable fluorescent molecules and has therefore proven superior to autocorrelation analysis to study interactions between different molecular species in solution, Here we explore the benefits of cross-correlation analysis when applied to live cells, by demonstrating its potential in analyzing endocytic processes. Bacterial cholera toxin (CTX) was labeled with Cy2 and Cy5 dyes on different subunits of the same holotoxin. Along the endocytic pathway, positive cross- correlation between the A and B subunits was first preserved, later followed by a loss in cross-correlation upon their separation in the Golgi. Furthermore, endocytosis of a mixture of only Cy2- and only Cy5-labeled holotoxins also gave rise to cross-correlation. Our results suggest that cross-correlation may be used to recognize whether different cargoes use the same endocytic pathway. Additionally, we show that cross-correlation is applicable to two-dimensional membrane diffusion. CTX bound to GM1-containing artificial giant unilamellar vesicles was diffusible, whereas CTX bound to he plasma membrane was immobile on the FCS time-scale, possibly because of raft- association of GM1

Electrochemical lithium intercalation in nanosized manganese oxides

X-ray amorphous manganese oxides were prepared by reduction of sodium permanganate by lithium iodide in aqueous medium (MnOx-I) and by decomposition of manganese carbonate at moderate temperature (MnOx-C). TEM showed that these materials are not amorphous, but nanostructured, with a prominent spinel substructure in MnOx-C. These materials intercalate lithium with capacities up to 200 mAh/g at first cycle (potential window 1.8-4.3 V) and 175 mAh/g at 100th cycle. Best performances for MnOx-C are obtained with cobalt doping. Potential electrochemical spectroscopy shows that the initial discharge induces a 2-phase transformation in MnOx-C phases, but not in MnOx-I ones. EXAFS and XANES confirm the participation of manganese in the redox process, with variations in local structure much smaller than in known long-range crystallized manganese oxides. X-ray absorption spectroscopy also shows that cobalt in MnOx-C is divalent and does not participate in the electrochemical reaction

Comportement du carbone aux joints de grains du molybdène

Pas de résumé en anglaisLa mise en évidence et l'interprétation du rôle bénéfique du carbone et du rôle néfaste de l'oxygène sur la cohésion intergranulaire du molybdène en l'absence de précipitation visible au MEB constituaient le but de cette étude. Une méthode efficace de purification du molybdène a été mise au point. Les mesures de la concentration intergranulaire de carbone en fonction de la température de carburation et de la teneur volumique ont été effectuées à l'aide d'un spectromètre Auger. Un modèle d'enrichissement des joints de grains au cours du refroidissement a été proposé. Les structures des joints purs et contenant des atomes de soluté ont été déterminées par des simulations statiques à l'aide de potentiels a n corps calcules en se fondant sur la méthode de l'atome immerge (EAM). La comparaison des ségrégations intergranulaires d'oxygène et de carbone (sites de ségrégation, séquence d'occupation des sites, enthalpies de mélange) a été effectuée pour le cas du joint symétrique de flexion 37 autour de l'axe 100. Les structures atomiques du joint 37 a l'état pur et a l'état carbure ont été observées au microscope électronique à haute résolution. Après la carburation ne conduisant pas à la formation de précipites Mo2C visibles au MEB, la présence d'une phase bidimensionnelle MoCx (x 0,4) formant un film continu au joint à été mise en évidence. Elle peut être rendue responsable du renforcement du joint. Sa faible largeur (~10A) et son accommodation parfaite aux réseaux cristallographiques des deux grains rendent son observation impossible par des méthodes classiques (MEB, MET), ce qui explique que son existence était jusqu'à maintenant ignorée. Il n'est pas exclu qu'il s'agisse de la première observation d'un état intermédiaire entre la ségrégation et un compose tridimensionnel discontin

Freie Archive als Gedächtnisorte der Neuen Sozialen Bewegungen

Freie Archive sind in den Neuen Sozialen Bewegungen entstanden und sichern wichtige Gegenüberlieferungen zu denen traditioneller Archive. Wie sind sie entstanden, unter welchen Bedingungen arbeiten sie, wie kommen sie an ihre Materialien, wie ist ihre Stellung in der deutschen Archivlandschaft?Free Archives originated from the New Social Movements. They preserve collections and records traditional archives do not feel responsible for. What are the working-conditions of Free Archives, how do they acquire their documents, which role do they play in the German archival landscape? &nbsp

Politisch engagierte Archivarbeit

Im Oktober 2011 war die Vertretung des Landes Schleswig-Holstein beim Bund Gastgeberin der Tagung „Macht und Ohnmacht der Archive“. Kultur- und Archivwissenschaftlerinnen und -wissenschaftler, Archivarinnen und Archivare debattierten über Auftrag und Nutzen, Verantwortung und Leistung der Archive in einer weithin digitalisierten Wissensgesellschaft. Die Archivwissenschaft in Deutschland ist auf die Herausforderung, die durch das von Kulturwissenschaftlerinnen und -wissenschaftlern in der Atmosphäre der Postmoderne geformte Verständnis des Archivs entstanden ist, bislang nicht ausführlich eingegangen. Mit dem hier dokumentierten Symposium wird die überfällige Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Positionen nun begonnen. Die Diskussion wurde dabei betont praxisorientiert und pragmatisch geführt. Die Beiträge verbinden archivwissenschaftliche Überlegungen mit der Präsentation ausgewählter Einzelthemen aus archivarischer Praxis und Archivgeschichte.In October 2011, the Representation of the State of Schleswig-Holstein to the Federal Government hosted the conference “Power and Impotence of the Archives”. Cultural and archival scholars, archivists and academics debated the mission and benefits, responsibility and performance of archives in a widely digitized knowledge society. Archival scholarship in Germany has so far not dealt in detail with the challenge posed by the understanding of the archive in the atmosphere of postmodernity by cultural scholars. With the symposium documented here, the long overdue examination of these positions will now begin. The discussion was conducted in a pragmatic and practice-oriented manner. The contributions combine archival research considerations with the presentation of selected individual topics from archival practice and archive history