A trans-diagnostic perspective on obsessive-compulsive disorder

© Cambridge University Press 2017. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Progress in understanding the underlying neurobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has stalled in part because of the considerable problem of heterogeneity within this diagnostic category, and homogeneity across other putatively discrete, diagnostic categories. As psychiatry begins to recognize the shortcomings of a purely symptom-based psychiatric nosology, new data-driven approaches have begun to be utilized with the goal of solving these problems: specifically, identifying trans-diagnostic aspects of clinical phenomenology based on their association with neurobiological processes. In this review, we describe key methodological approaches to understanding OCD from this perspective and highlight the candidate traits that have already been identified as a result of these early endeavours. We discuss how important inferences can be made from pre-existing case-control studies as well as showcasing newer methods that rely on large general population datasets to refine and validate psychiatric phenotypes. As exemplars, we take 'compulsivity' and 'anxiety', putatively trans-diagnostic symptom dimensions that are linked to well-defined neurobiological mechanisms, goal-directed learning and error-related negativity, respectively. We argue that the identification of biologically valid, more homogeneous, dimensions such as these provides renewed optimism for identifying reliable genetic contributions to OCD and other disorders, improving animal models and critically, provides a path towards a future of more targeted psychiatric treatments.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Assessment of the knowledge and attitude of the pregnant women who referred to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2005 toward Islams hygienic instructions during their pregnancy and breast feeding periods

Background and aim: Pregnancy and infancy are as diving profits, which are of the most enjoyable times of women. Islams living doctrine recommends some adwises for pregnant women to have healthy generation with good physical, mental and social dimensions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of the pregnant women who referred to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2005 toward Islam’s hygienic instructions during their pregnancy and breast feeding period. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, a total of 300 pregnant women were selected from parental care unite using multistage sampling. The data was gathered through self-reporting questionnaire which contained some questions about the individuals characteristics, attitude and awareness. Subsequently, using χ2, Pearson correlation and Spearman tests, data were analyzed. Results: The percentage of the knowledge about the Islams healthy instructions during pregnancy was graded: good 20.6%, average 64.7% and poor 14.7%. During breast-feeding, the knowledge was 6.3% good, 77% average and 16.7% poor. There was a positive relationship between the women’s level of education and their knowledge about Islamic trainings. The attitude of the women about the instructions during their pregnancy was positive in 68.3% and negative in 31.7% of them. This attitude during breast feeding was positive in 64% and negative in 36% of the women studied. There was relationship between the knowledge toward the instructions and the level of education during pregnancy and also between this knowledge and the number of pregnancy and the level of education (p<0.01). Conclusion: In addition to moderate knowledge and positive attitude of most of samples and undeniable religious force, on promoting health, recommended that health managers programmed to pregnant women care based on Islamic recommendations and health care workers have more attention in their education training

Comparative analysis of suspended sand concentration recorded with different techniques in a rippled bed regime

Sediment entrainment processes due to the oscillatory flow above rippled and plane sea beds are fundamentally different. Whereas above plane beds the sheet flow or bed load regime dominates and the momentum transfer is primarily caused by turbulent diffusion, above a sea bed covered with long crested vortex ripples the well organised coherent vortex mechanisms induce sediment-laden lee vortices at the ripple crest, which will be detached from the bed ejected into the water column and finally shed when the flow reverses. To investigate the sediment entrainment processes above vortex ripples, a study was carried out in the Large Wave Flume (GWK) aiming firstly to find out the most appropriate measuring technique to determine the suspended sediment concentration both temporarily and spatially. and secondly to analyse the intra-wave sediment entrainment processes around a steep ripple.EC/FP6/SANDSBMBF/ModPr

Potensi Pen gembangan Sapi Sumba Ongole berdasarkan Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian: Studi Kasus Kabupaten Sumba Timur

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji populasi dan struktur populasi sapi potong Sumba Ongole, potensi daya dukung limbah tanaman pangan guna pengembangan industri sapi potong serta menghitung kapasitas penambahan populasi ternak ruminansia (KPPTR). Data sekunder dianalisa menggunakan model analisis deskriptif, dan analisis kapasitas penambahan populasi ternak ruminansia (KPPTR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur populasi ternak di Kabupaten Sumba Timur sebesar 38.006 ST. Potensi limbah tanaman pangan berupa jerami diseluruh wilayah Kabupaten Sumba Timur sebesar 221.892 ton BK/ ha dengan produksi limbah terbesar berasal dari jerami jagung (38,62%), diikuti secara berturut-turut oleh jerami padi sawah (37.88%), jerami padi ladang (15,93%), jerami kacang tanah (3,13%), jerami ubi jalar (1,59%), jerami kacang hijau (0,57%) dan kacang kedelai (0,19%). Potensi limbah tanaman pangan ini mampu menampung ternak sejumlah 97.321 ST dan masih mampu menampung ternak sejumlah 59.315 ST. Nilai KPPTR tertinggi terdapat pada Kecamatan Lewa, yaitu sebesar 7.349 ST dengan pemanfaatan jerami limbah tanaman pangan sebesar 77,8 %, sementara Kecamatan Rindi memiliki nilai KPPTR terendah yaitu sebesar -1.309 ST, dengan pemanfaatan jerami limbah tanaman pangan sebesar -29,7%. Kata kunci: sapi potong, limbah tanaman pangan, kpptr Potential Development of Sumba Ongole Cattle based on Agricultural Waste Utilization:  A Case Study of East Sumba RegencyABSTRACTThe research aimed to study the population and population structure of Sumba Ongole beef cattle, the potential carrying capacity of food crop byproduct for the development of the beef cattle industry and to calculate the capacity of ruminant animal addition. The secondary data were analyzed using descriptive analysis models, and analysis of capacity of ruminant animal addition. The results showed that the structure of livestock population in East Sumba Regency was 38,006 AU. Potential food crop byproduct in the form of straw in the entire area of East Sumba Regency amounted to 221,892 tons DM/ha with the largest byproduct production coming from corn straw (38.62%), followed respectively by rice straw (37.88%), dryland rice straw (37.88%) 15.93%), peanut straw (3.13%), sweet potato straw (1.59%), green bean straw (0.57%) and soybean straw (0.19%). Potential food crop byproduct is able to accommodate a number of livestock 97,321 AU and still able to accommodate livestock as many as 59,315 AU. The highest Capacity of Ruminant Animal Addition value is in Lewa District, which is 7,349 AU with utilization of food crop byproduct straw at 77.8%, while Rindi District has the lowest capacity of ruminant animal addition value of -1.309 AU with utilization of food crop byproduct straw at -29.7%.Keywords: beef cattle, food crop byproduct, capacity of ruminant animal additio

Examining the authority and authority of judges in terms of independence, science and ijtihad in jurisprudence and law

One of the reasons that makes the position of the judiciary valuable is the issue of the implementation of Islamic justice, which we can only achieve by having fair judges with the condition of judicial independence; And this issue is one of the important goals of this research and is of special importance in the current era; And it doubles the need for our attention and research. According to the subject of the research, the method of collecting materials is documentary and library method in such a way that first the desired sources are studied and where necessary, research is done on the material. The research method is descriptive-analytical. First, the required resources are selected from electronic libraries, articles and dissertations, and after studying and separating the required material, based on the inductive method, analytical and necessary filing of the required resources is completed and compiled. This research tries to answer the question: what is the jurisprudential and legal study of the independence, science and ijtihad of judges? And what are the legal jurisprudential bases of judges' independence? What we have reached about the nature of the judge's knowledge in this study is that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislative point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE typically The science is the result of judicial research. Also, the results of the research showed that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislator's point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE is typically knowledgeable as a result of judicial investigation. In the current laws and procedures of the judiciary, the mujtahid of a judge is not considered a necessary condition for holding the position of judge

Distribution and monitoring of power and mechanisms to increase the efficiency of power in Shiite political thought

The results of this study, due to the many ambiguities in the field of power in Islam, can be considered by government organizations such as the Guardian Council and researchers in the fields of jurisprudence and law, natural and legal persons who somehow deal with sources of power, and students and professors of political science. And rights to be placed. Depending on the subject of the research, the method of collecting materials in an analytical and descriptive manner and by studying valid sources in the library and, if possible, the interview method will be on the agenda so that first the desired sources are studied and after analysis, In the end, this research aims to achieve results and make suggestions for improving the current situation; Therefore, first the required resources from various sources of presence in the library, digital libraries, existing software such as comprehensive Ahl al-Bayt and Shiite history and existing articles, treatises and dissertations, selected and after studying and separating the required materials, receipts Necessary from the required resources and then as a complete research, its compilation will be completed. The present study will have a new approach to all aspects of power in Shiite political thought and the author will try to have a comprehensive look at the jurisprudential principles of this issue based on Quranic arguments, narration, sayings of jurists and rational arguments

Examining the authority and authority of judges in terms of independence, science and ijtihad in jurisprudence and law

One of the reasons that makes the position of the judiciary valuable is the issue of the implementation of Islamic justice, which we can only achieve by having fair judges with the condition of judicial independence; And this issue is one of the important goals of this research and is of special importance in the current era; And it doubles the need for our attention and research. According to the subject of the research, the method of collecting materials is documentary and library method in such a way that first the desired sources are studied and where necessary, research is done on the material. The research method is descriptive-analytical. First, the required resources are selected from electronic libraries, articles and dissertations, and after studying and separating the required material, based on the inductive method, analytical and necessary filing of the required resources is completed and compiled. This research tries to answer the question: what is the jurisprudential and legal study of the independence, science and ijtihad of judges? And what are the legal jurisprudential bases of judges' independence? What we have reached about the nature of the judge's knowledge in this study is that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislative point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE typically The science is the result of judicial research. Also, the results of the research showed that the expressions in Articles 211 and 212 of the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 indicate that from the legislator's point of view, what is the basis for producing knowledge for the judge is evidence and the UAE is typically knowledgeable as a result of judicial investigation. In the current laws and procedures of the judiciary, the mujtahid of a judge is not considered a necessary condition for holding the position of judge