Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula pada Rhizosfer Rumput Mulato (Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato)

ABSTRAKRumput mulato tumbuh subur pada lahan-lahan marginal, tanah yang unsur hara sangat rendah. Kemampuan rumput mulato tumbuh dengan subur pada lahan tersebut menandakan adanya unsur lain yang bersimbiosis dengannya.  Kemungkinan yang menyebabkan rumput mulato tumbuh dengan baik adalah keberadaan mikoriza yang mengkoloni akar atau yang berada pada rhizosfer. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengekspolorasi dan mengidentifikasi jenis fungi mikoriza arbuskula pada rhizosfer rumput mulato.  Sampel tanah dan akar rumpu mulato diambil dilahan laboratorium lapangan Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Halu Oleo. Analisis sampel tanah untuk mengekspolorasi dan mengidentifikasi jenis fungi mikoriza arbuskula dilakukan di pusat  penelitian Biologi LIPI Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada rhizozfer rumput mulato ditemukan 5 jenis FMA yang berasal dari 3 genus mikoriza misalnya glomus sp, gigaspora sp, dan acaulospora sp. Jenis glomus sp ditemukan sejumlah 7 spora, giga spora gregaria ditemukan sejumlah 1 spora. Sedangkan jenis gigaspora gregaria N.C. Schenck dan T.H. Nicolson ditemukan sejumlah 13 spora. Acaulospora tuberculata Janos dan Trappe diemukan sejumlah 4 spora, sedangkan acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe ditemukan sejumlah 1 spora. Pada rhizosfer rumput mulato terjadi kolonisasi mikoriza karena ditandai dengan adanya struktur FMA.  Struktur FMA yang ditemukan adalah hifa eksternal, hifa internal, vesikula dan arbuskula.  Persentase kolonisasi FMA pada akar rumput mulato yakni 49-88% atau rata-rata sekitar 72,87%.Kata Kunci: Mikoriza arbuskula, glomus, Brachiaria hybrid cv. MulatoExpoloration Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizosphere Mulato Grass (Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato)ABSTRACTMulato grass thrives on marginal lands, very low nutrients soils. The ability of mulato grass to thrive on the land indicates the presence of other elements that symbiosis with it.  The possibility that causes mulato grass to grow will is the presence of mycorrhizal that colonizes the roots or that resides in the rhizosphere.  The study aimed to explore and identify the type of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of mulato grass.  Soils and roots samples mulato grass were taken at the field laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Science, Halu Oleo University.  Analysis of soil samples to expolore and identify the type of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi was conducted Biology research center LIPI, Bogor. The results showed that in rhizosphere mulato grass 5 types were found of AMF derived genera three of mycorrhizal such as glomus sp, gigaspora sp and acaulospora sp. The glomus sp types found 7 spores number.  Gigaspores gregaria found 1 spores number. The gigaspores gregaria N.C Schenck and T.H. Nicolson found 13 spores number. The acaulospora tuberculata Janis and Trappe found 4 spores number.  While acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe found 1 spores number. In the rhizosphere of mulato grass there are colonization at mulato grass roots 49-88% ranges with 72,87% average. Keywords: Mycorrhiza arbuskula, glomus, Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulat

Effect of Heating Treatments on Nutritional and Antinutritional Contents of Flaxseed Flour (Linum usitatissimum) as Poultry Feed

ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the effect of several heating treatments on the nutritional and antinutritional content of flaxseed flour as a poultry feed. Raw brown flaxseed was picked as the material. The method of this research was a laboratory analysis using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments (T0: without heating as a control, T1: sand fried flaxseed, T2: steamed flaxseed, T3: autoclaved flaxseed, T4: microwaved flaxseed) and 5 replications. The variables observed were dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, gross energy, tannin, and phytic acid. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result showed that several heating treatments had a highly significant effect (p<0.01) on all of the variables observed. Heating treatments given to the flaxseed flour showed a general reduction trend to the nutritional and antinutritional content at different rates, but the losses in antinutritional content of microwaved flaxseed flour were higher than the other treatments. It concluded that microwaved flaxseed gives the best results to be used as poultry feed.Keywords: antinutrient factor, flaxseed, heat treatment, nutrient valu

Sperm Quality of Various Breeds and Ages of Bull in the Singosari Artificial Insemination Center

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of breeds and bulls ages on semen volume, sperm concentration, total number sperm, progressive motility, and sperm abnormalities of semen bull. The data used in the form of semen quality data from the Singosari National Artificial Insemination Center from the period 2021 to 2022. The bulls used each returned 4 bali, simmental and limousin. With age categories 3-4 years, 5-6 years, 7-8 years and 9-10 years. The research design used was a completely randomized factorial design. Data sperm quality were analyzed by general linear model method followed by LS mean. Sperm quality studied showed an interaction (P<0.05) between breed and age on the volume semen, sperm concenration, total number sperm,  progressive motility and sperm abnormalities. Bali cattle have a longer semen production period than simmental and limousine cattle. Bali cattle can be used until the age of 9-10 years, while simmental and limousine cattle can only be used until the age of 7-8 years

Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria in Ready-to-eat Fried Chicken in the Jember University Campus Area

Poultry meat is a food that is widely consumed in various forms, but it is also a reservoir of bacteria. This study aims to isolate and identify the type of contaminant bacteria in fried chicken sold in the Jember University campus area. This research is a laboratory epidemiological survey research, in January - March 2021. 79 fried chicken samples came from 27 stalls along Jalan Kalimantan, Jalan Jawa, Jalan Riau and Jalan Mastrip Jember. Isolation and identification of bacteria using chromogenic media, namely Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Salmonella Chromogenic Agar (SCA). The identification of bacteria based on the color of the growing bacterial colonies was then confirmed with API E 20 media. The results showed that 98.7 % of fried chicken samples contained at least 1 type of bacteria. The types of bacteria that contaminate fried chicken are Escherichia coli (98.8 %), Staphylococcus aureus (94.9 %), Salmonella typhimurium (26.5 %), Salmonella typhi (8.8 %), and Proteus spp. (2.5 %). Thus, consumers' proper hygiene and safety practices have been suggested as the main intervention and need to be followed up with regular surveys to assess behavioral changes and reduce knowledge gaps.Keywords: ready to eat, fried chicken, foodborne disease

Seleksi In Vitro Mutan Alfalfa Hasil Iradiasi Sinar Gamma pada Cekaman Asam

ABSTRAKAlfalfa  (Medicago sativa L.) telah digunakan sebagai makanan ternak yang efektif dan bergizi. Kondisi cekaman asam membatasi pertumbuhan dan produksi alfalfa dalam banyak sistem budidaya. Perbaikan genetik melalui iradiasi sinar gamma dan seleksinya dengan AlCl3+ dihasilkan keragaman genetik toleran cekaman asam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik mutan alfalfa hasil iradiasi sinar gamma yang diberi AlCl3+ sebagai simulasi cekaman asam. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah dosis iradiasi sinar gamma yaitu 0Gy, 100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy dan 500Gy. Faktor kedua adalah level AlCl3+ yaitu 100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm, 400ppm dan 500ppm. Variabel yang diamati meliputi viabilitas, tinggi vertikal, jumlah daun, kelayuan daun, penyusutan media, bobot basah, warna daun dan perubahan pH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mutan alfalfa teriradiasi sinar gamma memberikan karakteristik terbaik dibanding alfalfa tanpa iradiasi sinar gamma terhadap peningkatan level AlCl3+. Hingga abang batas tertentu peningkatan dosis sinar gamma dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan ketahanan alfalfa pada kondisi tercekam asam. Dapat di simpulkan bahwa induksi mutasi dengan iradiasi sinar gamma dapat dihasilkan mutan alfalfa yang tahan pada kondisi tercekam asam hingga level AlCl3+ 500ppm, dengan dosis iradiasi sinar gamma terbaik pada dosis 400Gy.Kata Kunci: alfalfa, sinar gamma, alcl3+, in vitroIn Vitro Selection of Mutants Alfalfa Result in Gamma-Ray Irradiation in Acid StressABSTRACTAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) has been used as an effective and nutritious animal feed. Acid stress conditions limit alfalfa growth and production in many cultivation systems. Genetic improvement through gamma-ray irradiation and its selection with AlCl3+ resulted in acid stress-tolerant genetic diversity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of alfalfa mutants resulting from gamma irradiation given AlCl3+ as a simulation of acid stress. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial pattern. The first factor is the gamma-ray irradiation dose, namely 0Gy, 100Gy, 200Gy, 300Gy, 400Gy, and 500Gy. The second factor is the level of AlCl3+, namely 100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm, 400ppm and 500ppm. The variables observed included viability, vertical height, number of leaves, leaf wilting, media shrinkage, wet weight, leaf color, and changes in pH. The results showed that the alfalfa mutant irradiated with gamma rays gave the best characteristics compared to alfalfa without gamma irradiation to increase the level of AlCl3+. Up to a certain threshold, increasing the dose of gamma rays can increase the growth and resistance of alfalfa under acid stress conditions. It can be concluded that mutation induction with gamma-ray irradiation can produce alfalfa mutants that are resistant to acid stressKeywords: alfalfa, gamma rays, alcl3+, invitr

Urine Chemical Profile of Boerka Crossbreed Goats of Indonesia at Sanda Village, Tabanan, Bali

Boerka Goat is a small ruminant that has the potential to be developed to meet the demand for goat meat products. One of the methods to examine livestock health is through urinalysis. Qualitative urinalysis testing includes an examination of leukocytes, protein, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, nitrites, pH, specific gravity, red blood cells, and glucose. This research aims to identify the chemical profile of boer-kacang goat urine chemical profile. During analysis a total of 16 urine sample of boer-kacang crossbreed goats from Walung Amertha Farm, Sanda Village, Pupuan, Tabanan were analyzed.  The urine samples taken were midstream urine. Sampling was carried out once then continue with the dipstick testing about three times on each sample.  The analysis data were tabulated and averaged before be presenting in a tabular form with descriptive analysis.  The results of the study on the chemical profile of boerka goat urine showed leukocytes positive1+ in 19% goats, bilirubin 1+ in 13% goats, nitrite positive in 6% goats, positive red blood cells in 13% goats, while the specific gravity with an average of 1.002 and the average value of pH with 8.25.  Based on the research, it concludes that the urine chemical profile of boer-kacang goat positively contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, bilirubin, and nitrite although other profiles such as protein, urobilinogen, ketones, and glucose is undetected.  Urine specific gravity measured using a dipstick was 1,000-1,010 whereas the acidity level/pH is normal

Quantitative Traits of Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) in Ciayumajakuning, West Java, Indonesia

Biological characteristics covering qualitative and quantitative traits are essential to study phenotypic characteristics in livestock farming. This research investigates the quantitative attributes of Muscovy duck in Ciayumajakuning (Cirebon, Indramayu, Majalengka, and Kuningan Regency), West Java, Indonesia. Observations were conducted on 673 Muscovy ducks aged six months using a survey method with a sample selection of multistage probability stratified random sampling. Data analysis uses univariate and multivariate discriminant analysis. The quantitative data shows that the body size of a drake is more significant than the duck. Drake from Cirebon has a close kinship with Drake from Majalengka and Kuningan, but they have a distant relationship with Indramayu Muscovy ducks. Duck from Cirebon has a close kinship with ducks from Indramayu and Majalengka, but they have a distant relationship with ducks from Kuningan. It is concluded that the quantitative traits of the Muscovy duck in Ciayumajakuning are diverse. Keywords: Quantitative Traits, Muscovy duck, Ciayumajakunin

Eco-printing Leather Quality in Different Mordant Methods

The leather coloring technique using the eco-printing method is carried out by transferring the colors and motifs of plants on the leather media by direct contact. This process requires mordant to maximize the color. The use of mordant is done in 3 ways, namely mordant is done at the beginning (pre-mordanting), mordant is done simultaneously (meta-mordanting), and mordant is done at the end (post-mordanting). This study aims to determine the quality of eco-printing leather with the implementation of different mordant methods. The research materials were 16 pieces of sheep’s crust leather. The research treatment was using various mordant methods, namely pre-mordanting, meta-mordanting, and post-mordanting. Colorfastness, tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, flexibility, and fracture resistance were among the eco-printing leather qualities evaluated. The research was carried out in an experimental setting using a completely randomized design. To conclude, the best mordant method was carried out at the beginning of the eco-printing process on leather media (pre-mordanting), where the quality of eco-printing leather obtained of 5.44±0.968 mm, crack resistance (distance) of 8,78±0.97 mm, the tensile strength of   1743.64 ±45.26 N/cm2, leather elongation of 55.15±10.26 %, tear strength of 268.24±132.49 N/cm, sewing strength of 1247.12± 649.91 N/cm, colorfastness of wet rubbing rated 4 (good), and dry rub of 4 (good).Keywords: quality, eco-printing leather, crust leather, mordant technique, tanned leathe

The Quality Changed of Dairy Cow’s Milk Adulterated by Water: In Chemical Milk Studies

The study aimed to obtain a comprehensive description of the chemical quality decrease of milk adulterated with water from different sources. Experimental research was carried out at the Dairy Production Laboratory, with the main material being milk from the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Animal Science, Unsoed. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD)-factorial. Factor A was three types of milk (no adulterated milk (NA), adulterated by farm water (AFW), and adulterated by house water (AHW)). Factor B was six times of storage (0; 4; 8; 12; 16; 20 hours). There were 18 treatments, each repeated three times. Thus, there were 54 units. Milk quality was observed at controlled room temperature, namely the average temperature of Purwokerto City (300C) in the incubator. Data were analyzed for variance and further tested for linear regression. The analysis of variance showed that the interaction between the type of adulteration and storage time had a very significant effect (

The Effect of Cellulase Addition to Rice Bran Tempeh Containing Diet on Performance, Body Dimension and Carcass Quality in Broilers Raised on the Coastal Area

This study evaluated the effect of cellulase enzymes addition to a rice bran tempeh-containing diet on performance, body dimension, and carcass quality. Two hundred broilers aged 15 days were divided into 4 treatment groups of 5 replications each, as follows: P1=20% rice bran tempeh plus 0% cellulase; P2 =20% rice bran tempeh plus 0.05% cellulase; P3=20% rice bran tempeh plus 0.1% cellulase, and P4=20% rice bran tempeh plus 0.15% cellulase. The results showed that the addition of cellulase had no significant effect on body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, internal organ weight, carcass quality, and meat organoleptic properties (P>0.05) but significantly affected beak length, neck length, shank circumference, body length, tibia length (