Romans in Egypt before the Constitutio Antoniniana: When, Where, and Why?

The Roman presence in Egypt is traced from before the Roman conquest by focusing on people with Roman names. The majority were to be found in Alexandria, and most were (the descendents of) Roman freedmen. A sizeable number owed their Roman names to service in the Roman army, but they are overrepresented in the evidence from the chora. By the time of the Constitutio Antoniniana there may have been 300,000 Romans in Egypt, two thirds of them in Alexandria

Three Edicts of Caracalla? A New Reading of P.Giss. 40

Dieser Beitrag stellt zur Diskussion, dass P.Giss. 40 nicht, wie oft behauptet, drei Edikte Caracallas enthält, sondern lediglich eines sowie eine Anweisung an den Präfekten Ägyptens. Weiterhin wird belegt, dass das Edikt, eine griechische Übersetzung der sogenannten Constitutio Antoniniana (CA), genau datiert und deutlich umfassender war, als bisher angenommen. Es ergibt sich weiterhin, dass der Codex Iustinianus einen Teil der CA auf Latein zitiert und dass ein zweiter Papyrus mit einer griechischen Übersetzung der CA existiert.This article argues that P.Giss. 40 does not contain three edicts of Caracalla, as often thought, but just one edict and one instruction addressed to the prefect of Egypt. It also argues that the edict, a Greek translation of the so-called Constitutio Antoniniana (CA), is exactly dated and that it was more comprehensive than previously thought. Moreover, it appears that the Code of Justinian quotes part of the CA in Latin, and that a second papyrus with a Greek translation of the CA also exists.tbaCet article admet que P.Giss. 40 ne contient pas trois édits de Caracalla, tel que souvent affirmé, mais seulement un édit unique, ainsi qu’une instruction au préfet d’Égypte. Il est également démontré que l’édit, une traduction grecque de la «Constitutio Antoniniana» (CA), était daté de façon précise et qu’il a été bien plus détaillé que l’on ne l’a admis jusqu’à présent. En plus, il s’avère que le Code de Justinien cite une parte de la CA en latin et qu’il existe un deuxième papyrus avec une traduction grecque de la CA.tb

Structural similarity analysis of midfacial fractures:a feasibility study

The structural similarity index metric is used to measure the similarity between two images. The aim here was to study the feasibility of this metric to measure the structural similarity and fracture characteristics of midfacial fractures in computed tomography (CT) datasets following radiation dose reduction, iterative reconstruction (IR) and deep learning reconstruction. Zygomaticomaxillary fractures were inflicted on four human cadaver specimen and scanned with standard and low dose CT protocols. Datasets were reconstructed using varying strengths of IR and the subsequently applying the PixelShine™ deep learning algorithm as post processing. Individual small and non-dislocated fractures were selected for the data analysis. After attenuating the osseous anatomy of interest, registration was performed to superimpose the datasets and subsequently to measure by structural image quality. Changes to the fracture characteristics were measured by comparing each fracture to the mirrored contralateral anatomy. Twelve fracture locations were included in the data analysis. The most structural image quality changes occurred with radiation dose reduction (0.980036±0.011904), whilst the effects of IR strength (0.995399±0.001059) and the deep learning algorithm (0.999996±0.000002) were small. Radiation dose reduction and IR strength tended to affect the fracture characteristics. Both the structural image quality and fracture characteristics were not affected by the use of the deep learning algorithm. In conclusion, evidence is provided for the feasibility of using the structural similarity index metric for the analysis of structural image quality and fracture characteristics

Iterative reconstruction and deep learning algorithms for enabling low-dose computed tomography in midfacial trauma

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to quantitatively assess the image quality of Advanced Modeled Iterative Reconstruction (ADMIRE) and the PixelShine (PS) deep learning algorithm for the optimization of low-dose computed tomography protocols in midfacial trauma. STUDY DESIGN: Six fresh frozen human cadaver head specimens were scanned by computed tomography using both standard and low-dose scan protocols. Three iterative reconstruction strengths were applied to reconstruct bone and soft tissue data sets and these were subsequently applied to the PS algorithm. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated for each data set by using the image noise measurements of 10 consecutive image slices from a standardized region of interest template. RESULTS: The low-dose scan protocol resulted in a 61.7% decrease in the radiation dose. Radiation dose reduction significantly reduced, and iterative reconstruction and the deep learning algorithm significantly improved, the CNR for bone and soft tissue data sets. The algorithms improved image quality after substantial dose reduction. The greatest improvement in SNRs and CNRs was found using the iterative reconstruction algorithm. CONCLUSION: Both the ADMIRE and PS algorithms significantly improved image quality after substantial radiation dose reduction

Diagnostic reliability of low dose multidetector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography in maxillofacial trauma - an experimental blinded and randomized study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the diagnostic reliability of low dose Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for zygomaticomaxillary fracture diagnosis. METHODS: Unilateral zygomaticomaxillary fractures were inflicted on four out of six fresh frozen human cadaver head specimens. All specimens were scanned using four MDCT and two CBCT imaging protocols of which the radiation exposure was systematically reduced. A blinded diagnostic routine was simulated at which 16 radiologists and 8 oral and maxillofacial (OMF) surgeons performed randomized image assessments. We considered the findings during an open operative approach of the zygomatic region as the gold standard. RESULTS: Zygomaticomaxillary fractures were correctly diagnosed in 90.3% (n = 130) of the image assessments. The zygomatic arch was most often correctly diagnosed (91.0%). The zygomatic alveolar crest showed the lowest degree of correct diagnosis (65.3%). Dose reduction did not significantly affect the objective visualization of fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex. The sensitivity and specificity also remained consistent among the low dose scan protocols. Dose reduction did not decrease the ability to assess dislocation, comminution, orbital volume, volume rendering and soft tissues. OMF surgeons considered the low dose protocols sufficient for treatment planning. CONCLUSION: Dose reduction did not decrease the diagnostic reliability of MDCT and CBCT for the diagnosis of zygomaticomaxillary fractures

Impacts of Europe's Changing Climate - 2008 Indicator Based Assessment

Background and objective This report is an update and extension of the 2004 EEA report 'Impacts of Europe's changing climate'. Since 2004, there has been much progress in monitoring and assessing the impacts of climate change in Europe. The objectives of this report are to present this new information on past and projected climate change and its impacts through indicators, to identify the sectors and regions most vulnerable to climate change with a need for adaptation, and to highlight the need to enhance monitoring and reduce uncertainties in climate and impact modelling. To reflect the broadening of coverage of indicators and make use of the best available expertise, the report has been developed jointly by EEA, JRC and WHO Regional Office for Europe. Global developments in science and policy The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its 4th Assessment report reconfirmed and strengthened earlier scientific findings about key aspects of climate change. Increased monitoring and research efforts have enhanced understanding of climate change impacts and vulnerability. At the 2007 Bali climate change conference, the urgency of responding effectively to climate change through both adaptation and mitigation activities was recognised by a larger number of countries than ever before. The EU has proposed a target of a maximum global temperature increase of 2 °C above the pre-industrial level. A post-Kyoto regime that would include both adaptation and mitigation is expected to be agreed by end of 2009. There has been progress in implementing the Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, developed to help countries improve their understanding of climate change impacts. European developments in science and policy European research on impacts and vulnerability in the context of national programmes and the 5th and 6th Framework Programmes has advanced considerably, making a major contribution to international assessments such as those of the IPCC, the Arctic Impact Assessment, the UNEP Global Outlook for Ice and Snow and WHO reports. New research programmes focusing on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation are currently being developed in many member countries and in the context of the 7th Framework Programme. On the policy side, the European Commission published its Green Paper on adaptation in 2007, to be followed by a White Paper by the end of 2008 with concrete proposals for action. This report The main part of this report summarises the relevance, past trends and future projections for about 40 indicators (from 22 in the 2004 report). The indicators address atmosphere and climate, the cryosphere, marine systems, terrestrial systems and biodiversity, agriculture and forestry, soil, water quantity (including floods and droughts), water quality and fresh water ecology, and human health. After a brief introduction, several chapters deal in a general way with the changes in the climate system and the observed and projected impacts. The report ends with chapters on adaptation and the economics of climate change impacts and adaptation strategies and policies, and data availability and uncertainty.JRC.H.7-Land management and natural hazard

Three Edicts of Caracalla? A New Reading of P.Giss. 40

Dieser Beitrag stellt zur Diskussion, dass P.Giss. 40 nicht, wie oft behauptet, drei Edikte Caracallas enthält, sondern lediglich eines sowie eine Anweisung an den Präfekten Ägyptens. Weiterhin wird belegt, dass das Edikt, eine griechische Übersetzung der sogenannten Constitutio Antoniniana (CA), genau datiert und deutlich umfassender war, als bisher angenommen. Es ergibt sich weiterhin, dass der Codex Iustinianus einen Teil der CA auf Latein zitiert und dass ein zweiter Papyrus mit einer griechischen Übersetzung der CA existiert.This article argues that P.Giss. 40 does not contain three edicts of Caracalla, as often thought, but just one edict and one instruction addressed to the prefect of Egypt. It also argues that the edict, a Greek translation of the so-called Constitutio Antoniniana (CA), is exactly dated and that it was more comprehensive than previously thought. Moreover, it appears that the Code of Justinian quotes part of the CA in Latin, and that a second papyrus with a Greek translation of the CA also exists.tbaCet article admet que P.Giss. 40 ne contient pas trois édits de Caracalla, tel que souvent affirmé, mais seulement un édit unique, ainsi qu’une instruction au préfet d’Égypte. Il est également démontré que l’édit, une traduction grecque de la «Constitutio Antoniniana» (CA), était daté de façon précise et qu’il a été bien plus détaillé que l’on ne l’a admis jusqu’à présent. En plus, il s’avère que le Code de Justinien cite une parte de la CA en latin et qu’il existe un deuxième papyrus avec une traduction grecque de la CA.tb

Eine Steuerliste aus Hermupolis. Neuedition von SPP XX 40+48

P.Vindob. G 2039 und 2047 wurden beide 1921 von C. Wessely als SPP XX 40 und48 publiziert. Die Zeichnungen der bei den Fragmente, die Wessely seiner Ausgabe beigegeben hatte, und die Ähnlichkeit der Texte haben mich ver anlaßt zu vermuten, daß beide Fragmente zusammengehören

Isocrates and Menander in Late Antique Perspective

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