Polish device for FOCCoS/PFS slit system

The Fiber Optical Cable and Connector System, FOCCoS, for the Prime Focus Spectrograph, PFS, is responsible for transporting light from the Subaru Telescope focal plane to a set of four spectrographs. Each spectrograph will be fed by a convex curved slit with 616 optical fibers organized in a linear arrangement. The slit frontal surface is covered with a special dark composite, made with refractory oxide, which is able to sustain its properties with minimum quantities of abrasives during the polishing process; this stability is obtained This stability is obtained by the detachment of the refractory oxide nanoparticles, which then gently reinforce gently the polishing process and increase its the efficiency. The surface roughness measured in several samples after high performance polishing was about 0.01 microns. Furthermore, the time for obtaining a polished surface with this quality is about 10 times less than the time required for polishing a brass, glass or ceramic surface of the same size. In this paper, we describe the procedure developed for high quality polishing of this type of slit. The cylindrical polishing described here, uses cylindrical concave metal bases on which glass paper is based. The polishing process consists to use grid sequences of 30 microns, 12 microns, 9 microns, 5 microns, 3 microns, 1 micron and, finally, a colloidal silica on a chemical cloth. To obtain the maximum throughput, the surface of the fibers should be polished in such a way that they are optically flat and free from scratches. The optical fibers are inspected with a microscope at all stages of the polishing process to ensure high quality. The efficiency of the process may be improved by using a cylindrical concave composite base as a substrate suitable for diamond liquid solutions. Despite this process being completely by hand, the final result shows a very high quality

O papel dos benefícios e incentivos na satisfação do colaborador e nas estratégias das empresas

O presente artigo de Revisão de Literatura traz uma discussão acerca da categoria trabalho no contexto da modernidade empresarial e os benefícios e incentivos como uma estratégia da empresa para atração e manutenção de talentos, visto que, a diversidade de tecnologias e as exigências de um mercado cada vez mais liberal e competitivo vêm exigindo um colaborador mais integrado e comprometido com a estratégia da empresa.Os Os resultados dapesquisa indicam  grande conexão entre os três focos da discussão,  a evolução do trabalho é conseqüência da evolução do mundo competitivo, e que os benefícios e incentivos são  gerados por meio desses avanços, com objetivo de alinhar os interesses dos empregados a necessidades apresentadas e para cobrir a demanda das estratégias a fim de que, uma organização tenha capacidade de competição necessária para sobreviver no mundo atual, e ao mesmo tempo satisfazer o empregado e empregador

Slit device for FOCCoS, PFS, Subaru

The Fiber Optical Cable and Connector System, FOCCoS, subsystem of the Prime Focus Spectrograph, PFS, for Subaru telescope, is responsible to feed four spectrographs with a set of optical fibers cables. The light injection for each spectrograph is assured by a convex curved slit with a linear array of 616 optical fibers. In this paper we present a design of a slit that ensures the right direction of the fibers by using masks of micro holes. This kind of mask is made by a technique called electroforming, which is able to produce a nickel plate with holes in a linear sequence. The precision error is around 1micron in the diameter and 1 micron in the positions of the holes. This nickel plate may be produced with a thickness between 50 and 200 microns, so it may be very flexible. This flexibility allows the mask to be bent into the shape necessary for a curved slit. The concept requires two masks, which we call Front Mask, and Rear Mask, separated by a gap that defines the thickness of the slit. The pitch and the diameter of the holes define the linear geometry of the slit; the curvature of each mask defines the angular geometry of the slit. Obviously, this assembly must be mounted inside a structure rigid and strong enough to be supported inside the spectrograph. This structure must have a CTE optimized to avoid displacement of the fibers or increased FRD of the fibers when the device is submitted to temperatures around 3 degrees Celsius, the temperature of operation of the spectrograph. We have produced two models. Both are mounted inside a very compact Invar case, and both have their front surfaces covered by a dark composite, to reduce stray light. Furthermore, we have conducted experiments with two different internal structures to minimize effects caused by temperature gradients

Experiência de educação em saúde sobre sexualidade no Ensino Fundamental

This study aims to report the experience of participatory methodologies in health-related elementary education. This program was implemented by a University Extension Program in nursing to address sexuality and corporality. This report is based on the experiences of extension workers during their health education interactions with primary school adolescents. These interactions occurred between October and November of 2016 with elementary school students from a state public school in the southern region of the city of São Paulo. It was observed that participants were able to construct a consistent reflection on sexuality and the importance of related diseases. The knowledge gained in this work provided the extension workers with an expanded view of the reality of health education with adolescents.Este estudio tiene por objeto informar de la experiencia de una acción de educación para la salud en la escuela primaria con el uso de metodologías participativas realizadas por un campo de la enfermería Programa de Extensión de la Universidad de abordar la sexualidad y lo físico. Se trata de un relato de experiencia basada en la extensión de experiencias en actividades de educación sanitaria con niños de escuela primaria. Las acciones se llevaron a cabo en el período de octubre a noviembre de 2016, con los estudiantes de la escuela primaria en una escuela pública ubicada en la zona sur de Sao Paulo. Para los participantes, se observó que pudieron construir una reflexión consistente sobre sexualidad y la importancia de enfermedades relacionadas. La experiencia adquirida en este trabajo trajo a los extensionistas una visión ampliada de la realidad del trabajo de educación en salud.Este estudo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência de uma ação de educação em saúde no ensino fundamental com o uso de metodologias participativas executada por um Programa de Extensão Universitária da área de enfermagem abordando a sexualidade e corporalidade. Trata-se de um relato de experiência baseado nas experiências de extensionistas durante ações de educação em saúde com adolescentes do ensino fundamental. As ações ocorreram no período de outubro a novembro de 2016, com estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública estadual localizada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo

Experiência de educação em saúde sobre sexualidade no Ensino Fundamental

This study aims to report the experience of participatory methodologies in health-related elementary education. This program was implemented by a University Extension Program in nursing to address sexuality and corporality. This report is based on the experiences of extension workers during their health education interactions with primary school adolescents. These interactions occurred between October and November of 2016 with elementary school students from a state public school in the southern region of the city of São Paulo. It was observed that participants were able to construct a consistent reflection on sexuality and the importance of related diseases. The knowledge gained in this work provided the extension workers with an expanded view of the reality of health education with adolescents.Este estudio tiene por objeto informar de la experiencia de una acción de educación para la salud en la escuela primaria con el uso de metodologías participativas realizadas por un campo de la enfermería Programa de Extensión de la Universidad de abordar la sexualidad y lo físico. Se trata de un relato de experiencia basada en la extensión de experiencias en actividades de educación sanitaria con niños de escuela primaria. Las acciones se llevaron a cabo en el período de octubre a noviembre de 2016, con los estudiantes de la escuela primaria en una escuela pública ubicada en la zona sur de Sao Paulo. Para los participantes, se observó que pudieron construir una reflexión consistente sobre sexualidad y la importancia de enfermedades relacionadas. La experiencia adquirida en este trabajo trajo a los extensionistas una visión ampliada de la realidad del trabajo de educación en salud.Este estudo tem por objetivo relatar a experiência de uma ação de educação em saúde no ensino fundamental com o uso de metodologias participativas executada por um Programa de Extensão Universitária da área de enfermagem abordando a sexualidade e corporalidade. Trata-se de um relato de experiência baseado nas experiências de extensionistas durante ações de educação em saúde com adolescentes do ensino fundamental. As ações ocorreram no período de outubro a novembro de 2016, com estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública estadual localizada na zona sul da cidade de São Paulo

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Desempenho e parâmetros nutricionais de vacas lactantes em pastejo recebendo farelo de mamona

This study aimed to evaluate the inclusion of castor bean meal in the diet for lactating cows on Bracharia brizhanta pasture and its implications for nutritional and productive parameters. Eight crossbred cows were distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares, with four (0%; 3.33%; 6.66% and 10%) inclusion levels of castor bean meal in the total diet. The experiment consisted of four experimental periods of 21 days each. The digestibility and dry matter intake were estimated from fecal output, checked with the aid of external (chromium oxide) and internal (iNDF) indicators. Urine and milk were collected to determine the nitrogen balance and microbial protein production. The inclusion of different levels of castor bean meal in the diet for lactating cows did not affect the intake of dry matter and nutrients, and the same lack of effect was found for the digestibility of dry matter and total digestible nutrients, variation in body weight, milk production, chemical composition of milk, microbial production and nitrogen balance. The inclusion of up to 10% castor bean meal in the total diet did not influence productive parameters evaluated, and the use was conditioned to the price of castor bean meal.Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de farelo de mamona na alimentação de vacas lactantes em pastejo de Bracharia brizhanta e suas implicações nos parâmetros nutricionais e produtivos. Foram utilizadas oito vacas mestiças distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4, com quatro níveis de inclusão de farelo de mamona na ração total; 0%; 3,33%; 6,66% e 10%. O experimento foi constituído de quatro períodos experimentais, com duração de 21 dias cada. A digestibilidade e o consumo de matéria seca foram estimados a partir da produção fecal, verificada com o auxílio de indicadores externo (oxido de cromo) e interno (FDNi). Foi feita a coleta de urina e leite para determinação do balanço de nitrogênio e produção de proteína microbiana. O aumento dos níveis de farelo de mamona não influenciou o consumo de matéria seca e dos nutrientes. Para o coeficiente de digestibilidade da matéria seca e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais não foi observado diferença estatísticas. Para a variação do peso corporal, produção de leite, composição química do leite não houve diferença entre os diferentes níveis de farelo de mamona, assim também aconteceu com a produção microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio. A inclusão de até 10% de farelo de mamona na dieta total não influenciou os parâmetros produtivos avaliados, ficando condicionado o uso, ao preço do farelo de mamona