Sciences de l’éducation: Vers une renaissance théorique au-delà du réductionisme

In order to clarify the directions that Education Sciences may take in the near future we start by discussing the current epistemological predicament of Education, and then articulate this discussion with an assessment of the impact of some major determinant external factors. We proceed by presenting the thread of Modernity in the configurations of educational reason and the impact of the inner fracture of reason fostered by Postmodernity, which leads us to conclude with the epistemic and normative requirements for theorizing Education. To avoid reductionism, we propose a triangular metatheory that should be able to account for the irreducible complexity of education. It presents a three-dimensional field where Education Sciences comprise, firstly, a hermeneutic and speculative dimension, cultivated by philosophy and oriented towards the setting of values and goals for the action, secondly, a descriptive and explanatory dimension, common to other Social Sciences, and thirdly an operational and technological dimension which surpasses the mere technical rationality confined to the selection of means and operationalization of goals, and therefore is in search of an intersubjective agreement that builds a consensus on the deontological normativity that regulates the activity of the professional educator, in its role of free agent and as a resource for action and change.Con el fin de clarificar la dirección que las Ciencias de la Educación puedentener en un futuro próximo iniciamos el artículo discutiendo la situación epistemológica de la educación, y articulamos esta discusión con la evaluación del impacto de algunos de los factores externos determinantes. Seguidamente se presenta la línea que siguió la Modernidad en las configuraciones de la educación racional de la razón y el impacto de la fractura interna de la razón forjada por la Posmodernidad, lo que nos lleva a concluir con los subsecuentes requerimientos epistémicos y normativos para la teorización de la Educación. Con la intención de evitar el reduccionismo, proponemos una metateoría triangular que sea capaz de dar cuenta de la compleja irreductibilidad de la educación. Lo que configura un campo integrado por tres dimensiones en donde las Ciencias de la Educación comprenden, primero, las dimensiones hermenéutica y especulativa, cultivadas por la filosofía y orientadas hacia el establecimiento de valores y metas para la acción; segundo, una dimensión descriptiva y explicativa, común a las ciencias sociales; y, tercero, una dimensión de carácter operacional y tecnológico, que trasciende la mera racionalidad técnica confinada a la selección de medios y la operacionalización de metas, de donde se infiere una búsqueda del acuerdo subjetivo que pueda crear consenso en la normatividad deontológica reguladora de la actividad profesional del educador, su papel como agente libre y como recurso para la acción y el cambio.Afin de clarifier les directions que les Sciences de l’éducation peuvent suivre dans le futur proche, nous commençons par discuter le statut épistémologique actuel de l’Éducation pour articuler, ensuite, cette discussion avec l’évaluation de l’impact des principaux facteurs déterminants externes. Nous procédons encore à l’identification du fil rouge de la Modernité à travers les diverses configurations de la rationalité éducative, et analysons l’effet de la fracture interne de la Raison produite par la Postmodernité et qui nous invite à conclure avec les exigences épistémiques et normatives pour théoriser l’Éducation. Pour éviter tout réductionnisme nous proposons une métathéorie triangulaire qui devrait être capable d’accueillir l’irréductible complexité de l’éducation. Cette métathéorie présente un espace tridimensionnel où les Sciences de l’éducation englobent, tout d’abord, une dimension herméneutique et spéculative, cultivée par la philosophie et orientée vers la définition de valeurs et de fins pour l’action éducative; deuxièmement, une dimension descriptive et explicative, commune à d’autres Sciences sociales; et, finalement, une dimension opérationnelle et technologique qui dépasse la simple rationalité technique, confinée dans la sélection de moyens et l’opérationnalisation de buts, et de ce fait même vise la constitution d’un accord intersubjectif qui puisse fonder un consensus sur la normativité déontologique qui régule l’activité de l’éducateur professionnel dans son rôle d’agent libre et en tant que ressource pour l’action et pour le changement

La intervención del psicólogo forense en la obtención y evaluación de la credibilidad del testimonio

Desde el ámbito de la Psicología del Testimonio se han creado y desarrollado una serie de técnicas dirigidas a la obtención de la declaración y a la evaluación de su credibilidad. Este esfuerzo ha dado lugar a una serie de instrumentos cuya utilidad ha sido probada científica y empíricamente. Por consiguiente, la labor del psicólogo forense puede constituir un importante mecanismo auxiliar de la justicia, sobre todo en aquellas casuísticas caracterizadas por la dificultad probatoria, en las que el juzgador ha de dictar sentencia basándose, casi exclusivamente, en el testimonio de las partes. En el presente trabajo se abordarán algunas de estas técnicas con un doble objetivo. Primero, poner al alcance del lector de manera escueta una serie de instrumentos de reconocida eficacia dentro del ámbito psicológico-forense y, segundo, reivindicar un mayor reconocimiento de las bondades que puede ofrecer la intervención del psicólogo forense dentro de la sala de justicia.Within the realm of eyewitness testimony one has created and developed a series of techniques that aim to elicit reports and assess their reliability. This effort has given rise to a set of instruments whose utility has been scientifically and empirically demonstrated. Therefore, the work of forensic psychologists may constitute a significant auxiliary mechanism of justice, mainly in those cases characterized by a lack of evidence, requiring that the verdict be almost exclusively based on eyewitnesses’ accounts. In this paper we discuss some of the techniques with a double goal. Firstly, we want to provide an overview of some valuable methods of interviewing, and secondly we argue that the judicial procedures may be enhanced with the intervention of Forensic psychologists

Obtención del testimonio y evaluación de la credibilidad

Desde el ámbito de la Psicología del Testimonio se han creado y desarrollado una serie de técnicas dirigidas a la obtención de la declaración y a la evaluación de su credibilidad. Este esfuerzo ha dado lugar a una serie de instrumentos cuya utilidad ha sido probada científica y empíricamente. Por consiguiente, la labor del psicólogo forense puede constituir un importante mecanismo auxiliar de la justicia, sobre todo en aquellas casuísticas caracterizadas por la dificultad probatoria, en las que el juzgador ha de dictar sentencia basándose, casi exclusivamente, en el testimonio de las partes. En el presente trabajo se abordarán algunas de estas técnicas con un doble objetivo. Primero, poner al alcance del lector de manera escueta una serie de instrumentos de reconocida eficacia dentro del bondades que puede ofrecer la intervención del psicólogo forense dentro de la sala de justicia.Within the realm of eyewitness testimony one has created and developed a series of techniques that aim to elicit reports and assess their reliability. This effort has given rise to a set of instruments whose utility has been scientifically and empirically demonstrated. Therefore, the work of forensic psychologists may constitute a significant auxiliary mechanism of justice, mainly in those cases characterized by a lack of evidence, requiring that the verdict be almost exclusively based on eyewitnesses’ accounts. In this paper we discuss some of the techniques with a double goal. Firstly, we want to provide an overview of some valuable methods of interviewing, and secondly we argue that the judicial procedures may be enhanced with the intervention of Forensic psychologists

Obtención del testimonio y evaluación de la credibilidad

Desde el ámbito de la Psicología del Testimonio se han creado y desarrollado una serie de técnicas dirigidas a la obtención de la declaración y a la evaluación de su credibilidad. Este esfuerzo ha dado lugar a una serie de instrumentos cuya utilidad ha sido probada científica y empíricamente. Por consiguiente, la labor del psicólogo forense puede constituir un importante mecanismo auxiliar de la justicia, sobre todo en aquellas casuísticas caracterizadas por la dificultad probatoria, en las que el juzgador ha de dictar sentencia basándose, casi exclusivamente, en el testimonio de las partes. En el presente trabajo se abordarán algunas de estas técnicas con un doble objetivo. Primero, poner al alcance del lector de manera escueta una serie de instrumentos de reconocida eficacia dentro del bondades que puede ofrecer la intervención del psicólogo forense dentro de la sala de justicia.Within the realm of eyewitness testimony one has created and developed a series of techniques that aim to elicit reports and assess their reliability. This effort has given rise to a set of instruments whose utility has been scientifically and empirically demonstrated. Therefore, the work of forensic psychologists may constitute a significant auxiliary mechanism of justice, mainly in those cases characterized by a lack of evidence, requiring that the verdict be almost exclusively based on eyewitnesses’ accounts. In this paper we discuss some of the techniques with a double goal. Firstly, we want to provide an overview of some valuable methods of interviewing, and secondly we argue that the judicial procedures may be enhanced with the intervention of Forensic psychologists

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests

The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹ (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in current light-limited forest with future rainfall  < 2000 mm yr⁻¹

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure &lt;= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt