Deficiência de macronutrientes em Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kintze

Knowledge of the mineral nutrition effects on plant physiology of native species is an important aid in order to obtain the intended success when they are used in reforestation or recovery of areas with deteriorated soils. This study investigated the macronutrient defciency effects in Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kintze, known in Brazil as “jequitibá-branco”, in carbon dioxide assimilation and transpiration rates and biomass production of this species, which is widely used in reforestations in Brazil. The experiment was carried on a greenhouse, in a randomized block design with seven treatments with three replicates, using the technique of diagnosis by subtraction of macronutrients, with a control treatment in which the Cariniana estrellensis was grown in nutrient solution with all macro and micronutrients. In different organs of “jequitibá-branco” the nutrient contents by chemical analysis were determined; using portable infrared gas analyzer (Infrared Gas Analyzer - IRGA, Li-cor Model 6400) carbon dioxide assimilation and transpiration rates were determined in leaves of three distinct parts of plants, and at the end of the experiment was obtained the dry biomass weight. The defciency of nutrients, in general, limited the carbon dioxide assimilation and transpiration rates and therefore the production of dry biomass of “jequitibá-branco” young plants was lesser than the control treatment. The results of this study suggest that the reforestation or rehabilitation of degraded areas using the Cariniana estrellensis will certainly be severely affected if the nutritional supplementation is not performed when the soil is defcient in any macronutrient. O conhecimento dos efeitos da nutrição mineral sobre a fisiologia vegetal de espécies nativas é um importante auxílio para que se obtenha o sucesso desejado quando estas são usadas no reflorestamento ou na recuperação de áreas degradadas. A presente pesquisa avaliou as consequências da deficiência de macronutrientes em Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi) Kintze (jequitibá-branco) nas taxas de assimilação de gás carbônico e de transpiração e na produção de biomassa desta espécie, que é amplamente utilizada na restauração florestal no Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e três repetições, empregando a técnica de diagnose por subtração de macronutrientes, com um tratamento controle no qual o jequitibá-branco foi cultivado em solução nutritiva completa, com todos os macros e micronutrientes. Os teores de nutrientes foram determinados por análise química nos diferentes órgãos do jequitibá-branco; através do analisador de gás por infravermelho portátil (Infrared Gás Analyzer – IRGA, modelo Li-cor 6400) foram determinadas as taxas de assimilação de gás carbônicoe de transpiração em folhas de três partes distintas das plantas, e ao final do experimento foi realizada a determinação da produção de biomassa seca. A deficiência dos macronutrientes, de um modo geral, prejudicou as taxas de assimilação de gás carbônico e de transpiração e, por conseguinte, a produção de biomassa seca das plantas jovens de jequitibá-branco foi menor em relação ao tratamento controle. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a implantação de florestas ou a recuperação de áreas degradadas por meio do reflorestamento que utilizam o jequitibá-branco certamente serão prejudicados se a complementação nutricional não for realizada quando o solo for deficiente em qualquer dos macronutrientes

Nutritional deficiency in young plants of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

A recuperação e a restauração florestal de ecossistemas degradados podem não acontecer das maneiras\ud desejadas se houver carência nutricional ou suprimento inadequado de nutrientes às plantas no estádio\ud inicial de desenvolvimento de espécies florestais nativas. Objetivou-se nesta investigação avaliar os efeitos\ud da deficiência de nutrientes em plantas jovens de aroeira-pimenteira (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi).\ud Para isso, induziu-se a sintomatologia de deficiência nutricional, determinaram-se os teores de nutrientes\ud nas folhas e caules, e foi feita a avaliação do efeito da deficiência nutricional na altura, na produção de\ud massa seca e no estoque de carbono do caule em plantas jovens de aroeira-pimenteira. O experimento foi\ud conduzido em casa de vegetação, em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, totalizando treze tratamentos,\ud empregando a técnica de diagnose por subtração (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn),\ud sendo que em um dos tratamentos, as plantas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva com todos nutrientes.\ud Durante o experimento, observou-se que a deficiência nutricional, além de propiciar o aparecimento de\ud sintomas de deficiência que prejudicam o desenvolvimento vegetal, comprometeu também a produção de\ud massa de plantas jovens de aroeira-pimenteira. Estes resultados claramente evidenciam o fato de que\ud projetos de implantação de florestas ou de recuperação e restauração de ecossistemas degradados que\ud utilizem a aroeira-pimenteira, em solos que necessitem de suplementação nutricional, poderão ter seu\ud sucesso comprometido se não houver a complementação nutricional necessária.The recovery and forest restoration of degraded ecosystems may not occur as desired if there is a nutritional deficiency or an inadequate supply of nutrients in the initial phase of development of native forest species. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency effects on young plants of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, a Brazilian native species. For that, purpose the nutritional deficiency was induced. The nutrient contents were determined in the leaves and stems, to evaluated the effect of the nutritional deficiency on height, production of dry natter and in the carbon stock of the stem of young plants of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. The experiment was carried on in the greenhouse using a randomized block design with three replications and thirteen treatments, using the technique of diagnosis by subtraction (-N, -P, -K, -Ca, -Mg, -S, -B, -Cu, -Fe, -Mn, -Mo, -Zn). In the complete treatment the species was grown in a nutrient solution with all macro and micronutrients. Deficiency symptoms were observed and the effect of nutritional deficiency on dry matter weight of young plants of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi were evaluated. These results clearly indicated that forest establishment or recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems by planting Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi. in soils that require nutritional supplementation may have its success compromised if there is no nutritional supplementation

Predation of Caiman yacare (Spix, 1825) (Crocodilia, Alligatoridae) by Busarellus nigricollis (Latham, 1790) (Accipitriformes, Accipitridae) in the Taiama Ecological Station, Alto Pantanal, State of Mato Grosso

Predation of Caiman yacare (Spix, 1825) (Crocodilia, Alligatoridae) by Busarellus nigricollis (Latham, 1790) (Accipitriformes, Accipitridae) in the Taiama Ecological Station, Alto Pantanal, State of Mato Grosso. The Black-collared Hawk Busarellus nigricollis is an Accipitridae commonly seen on river banks, lagoon shores, and marshy areas. It feeds mainly on fishes and aquatic insects. It hunts from dead tree branches at forest edges or emergent trunks in flooded areas. Detailed information about the Black-collared Hawk food habits is scarce. In this study, we describe the predation of Caiman yacare (Pantanal alligator) by an individual of B. nigricollis. The event was observed on 20 August 2010 at 10: 14 am, in the Taiama Ecological Station, municipality of Caceres, Alto Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso. The B. nigricollis individual was seen leaving the Paraguay River carrying a juvenile C. yacare around 40 cm long. The prey was torn apart and given to a Black-collared Hawk nestling sitting atop a nest in flooded forest, ca. 15 m way from the river bank. This is the first published record of Pantanal alligator predation by the Black-collared Hawk

Dispersão de sementes por Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes, Characidae) na Estação Ecológica de Taiamã, Pantanal Norte, MTSeed dispersal by Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in Taiamã, Northern

Em ambientes sazonalmente inundáveis muitas espécies vegetais fornecem abrigo e alimento para a ictiofauna, em contrapartida diversos peixes podem dispersar as sementes através do mecanismo de ictiocoria, contribuindo com a manutenção das florestas alagáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar o potencial de germinação das sementes de Ficus cf. eximia Schott (figueira) Moraceae e Alibertia sp. (marmelada) Rubiaceae, após passarem pelo trato digestório (estômago e intestino) do Piaractus mesopotamicus (HOlMbERg, 1887) na Estação Ecológica de Taiamã, Mato grosso, brasil, no período de cheia. As sementes retiradas do trato digestório foram lavadas em água corrente, contadas e aferido volume, peso e medidas biométricas, e em seguida foram submetidas a testes de germinação em placas de petri revestidas de papel germitest e conduzidas em b.O.D. Para os testes de germinação das sementes retiradas dos frutos seguiu-se a mesma metodologia. Foi calculado o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVg), e o percentual de sementes germinadas por tratamento. Para a análise das médias dos tratamentos, aplicou-se o teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A análise dos resultados indicou que a passagem das sementes de Alibertia sp., e Ficus cf. eximia, pelo trato digestório do P. mesopotamicus não inibiu a germinação das mesmas, e o fato de esse peixe ser migrador, oferece a essas plantas a possibilidade de ampliar sua área de colonização.Abstract In seasonally flooded environments many plant species provide shelter and food for fish populations, however many fish can disperse the seeds through the ictiocoria mechanism, contributing to the maintenance of floodplain forest. The aim of this study was to test the potential for seed germination Ficus cf. eximia Schott Moraceae and Alibertia sp. Rubiaceae, after passing through the digestive tract (stomach and intestines) of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) in the Taiamã Ecological Station, Mato grosso, brazil, in the rainy season. Seeds removed from the digestive tract were washed in water, counted and measured volume, weight and biometric measurements, and then were subjected to germination tests in petri dishes coated paper germitest and conducted in bOD. For seeds germination tests taken from fruits followed the same methodology. The speed germination index (IVg), and the percentage of germinated seeds per treatment was calculated. For the analysis of treatment means, we applied the Tukey test at 5 % probability. The results indicated that the passage of seeds Alibertia sp. and Ficus cf. eximia, the digestive tract of P. mesopotamicus not inhibit germination of the same, and the fact that fish be migratory, these plants offers the possibility of expanding its area of colonization

Rarity of monodominance in hyperdiverse Amazonian forests.

Tropical forests are known for their high diversity. Yet, forest patches do occur in the tropics where a single tree species is dominant. Such "monodominant" forests are known from all of the main tropical regions. For Amazonia, we sampled the occurrence of monodominance in a massive, basin-wide database of forest-inventory plots from the Amazon Tree Diversity Network (ATDN). Utilizing a simple defining metric of at least half of the trees ≥ 10 cm diameter belonging to one species, we found only a few occurrences of monodominance in Amazonia, and the phenomenon was not significantly linked to previously hypothesized life history traits such wood density, seed mass, ectomycorrhizal associations, or Rhizobium nodulation. In our analysis, coppicing (the formation of sprouts at the base of the tree or on roots) was the only trait significantly linked to monodominance. While at specific locales coppicing or ectomycorrhizal associations may confer a considerable advantage to a tree species and lead to its monodominance, very few species have these traits. Mining of the ATDN dataset suggests that monodominance is quite rare in Amazonia, and may be linked primarily to edaphic factors

Tuberculose pulmonar: perfil epidemiológico do sertão Pernambucano, Brasil / Pulmonary tuberculosis: epidemiological profile of sertão Pernambucano, Brazil

Atualmente, observa-se que a tuberculose pulmonar constitui um importante problema de Saúde Pública no mundo, uma vez que esse agravo apresentou, em 2015, 10,4 milhões de casos, dos quais, mais de um milhão de pessoas vieram a óbito. Sob essa perspectiva, o presente artigo tem como objetivo traçar um perfil epidemiológico dos casos de Tuberculose Pulmonar notificados no município de Serra Talhada, entre os anos de 2007 a 2017. Foi realizado um estudo de série histórica observacional do tipo transversal, no intervalo de tempo de 2007 a 2017.  No período investigado o número de casos de tuberculose pulmonar foi de 246 casos, o local que teve a maior prevalência foi Serra Talhada, 287 por 100 mil habitantes. Diante dos dados apresentados, é imprescindível concluir, portanto, que esse estudo corrobora o perfil epidemiológico brasileiro para a Tuberculose Pulmonar, o qual indica variabilidade nos índices de acometimento durante o período analisado

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R$^{2}$ = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R$^{2}$ = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types