Gestão dos recursos hídricos e mapeamento do sistema de distribuição de água e esgotamento sanitário do município de Cacoal

Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso apresentado ao Departamento Acadêmico de Ciências Contábeis da Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, campus Professor Francisco Gonçalves Quiles, para obtenção do título de Bacharel em Ciências Contábeis. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Suzenir Aguiar da Silva SatoA água é um dos recursos naturais mais importantes, sendo ela necessária a vida, nesse sentido a gestão dos recursos hídricos é indispensável para sua manutenção, tanto em termos de quantidade como em termos de qualidade, visto que o crescimento populacional e a degradação ambiental têm causado diversos danos ao meio ambiente em especial aos recursos hídricos. Assim o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como é feita a gestão dos recursos hídricos, e da distribuição de água e do esgotamento sanitário do município de Cacoal. A pesquisa foi de cunho qualitativo-descritivo e teve como base o método dedutivo, utilizou-se como técnicas de coleta de dados: pesquisa bibliográfica; entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado que foi aplicado ao departamento de engenharia do SAAE e observação in loco no período de setembro a dezembro de 2015. No município de Cacoal constatou-se que não há gestão dos recursos hídricos, justificada pela insuficiência de servidores, sendo que o serviço realizado é por gestão de trabalho. Neste sentido o gerenciamento integrado pode ser a solução para uma boa gestão dos recursos hídricos, visto que aborda todo o sistema, desde o planejamento, execução e consequências, tendo como objetivo minimizar os impactos negativos provocados pelo homem. Existe também o plano de saneamento que é o conjunto de serviços, infraestruturas e instalações operacionais de abastecimento de água potável, esgotamento sanitário, limpeza urbana e manejo de resíduos sólidos, drenagem e manejo das águas pluviais urbanas que também tem como objetivo reduzir estes impactos, porém o munícipio de Cacoal, ainda não possui, apesar de estar em fase de elaboração, no entanto os serviços são realizados, porém de forma fragmentada sendo a que prefeitura é responsável por uma parte destes serviços e o SAAE, sendo este uma autarquia municipal é responsável pela outra

ETHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MOTHER-PUP INTERACTIONS AND OTHER BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS IN RATS: EFFECTS OF MALNUTRITION AND TACTILE STIMULATION OF THE PUPS

Mother-pup interaction, as well as other behavioral reactions were studied during the lactation period in 24 litters of Wistar rats and their dams fed either a 16% (control - C; 12 litters) or a 6% (malnourished - M; 12 litters) protein diet. The diets were isocaloric. Throughout lactation there was a 36.4% weight loss of M dams and a 63% body weight deficit in the M pups when compared to control pups. During this period, half of the litters were exposed daily to additional tactile stimulation (CS or MS), while the other half were submitted to normal rearing conditions (CN or MN). The tactile stimulation of pups (handling) consisted of holding the animal in one hand and gently touching the dorsal part of the animal's body with the fingers for 3 min. A special camera and a time-lapse video were used to record litter behavior in their home cages. Starting at 6 p.m. and ending at 6 a.m., on days 3, 6, 12, 15, 18 and 21 of lactation, photos were taken at 4-s intervals. An increase in the frequency (154.88 ± 16.19) and duration (455.86 ± 18.05 min) of suckling was observed throughout the lactation period in all groups compared to birth day (frequency 24.88 ± 2.37 and duration 376.76 ± 21.01 min), but the frequency was higher in the C (84.96 ± 8.52) than in the M group (43.13 ± 4.37); however, the M group (470.2 ± 11.87 min) spent more time suckling as compared with the C group (393.67 ± 13.09 min). The M dams showed a decreased frequency of resting position throughout the lactation period (6.5 ± 2.48) compared to birth day (25.42 ± 7.74). Pups from the C group were more frequently observed separated (73.02 ± 4.38) and interacting (258.99 ± 20.61) more with their mothers than the M pups (separated 66.94 ± 5.5 and interacting 165.72 ± 12.05). Tactile stimulation did not interact with diet condition, showing that the kind of stimulation used in the present study did not lead to recovery from the changes induced by protein malnutrition. The changes in mother-pup interaction produced by protein malnutrition of both may represent retardation in neuromotor development and a higher dependence of the pups on their mothers. These changes may represent an important means of energy saving and heat maintenance in malnourished pups. Keywords: protein malnutrition, tactile stimulation, mother-pup interaction.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROTEIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULATION ON THE BEHAVIOR OF YOUG RATS TESTED IN THE ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE

The interaction between the effects of different levels of protein malnutrition and environmental stimulation was investigated in young male rats in the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Litters (dam plus 6 male and 2 female pups) were fed a 16% (Control: C), 10% (Malnourished: M10) or 6% (Malnourished: M6) protein diet. Half of the litters were daily exposed to additional stimulation (CS, MS10 or MS6), while the other half was maintained in normal rearing conditions (CN, MN10 or MN6). The stimulation (handling) consisted of holding the rat in one hand and gently touching the dorsal part of the body with the fingers for3 min. On the 22nd day of life (weaning), two male pups from each group were tested in the plus-maze. Two male pups continued to receive the same diet their mothers, and other two were fed a non-purified lab chow diet until 35 days of age when they were tested in the plus-maze (LN, LS, LN10, LS10, LN6 and LS6 groups). Results showed that environmental simulation increased open arms exploration both at 22 and 35 days of age, indicating an anxiolytic effect of this procedure. Younger rats (22 days of age) explored significantly more the open arms of the maze as compared with older rats (35 days of age), indicating an increase in anxiety with age. M6 animals showed significantly higher percentages of open arm entries and less frequent attempts to enter open arms in the maze as compared with C and M10 animals. These results suggest that even a short period of protein deficiency can produce alterations in the emotional response of rats in the elevated plus-maze. In addition, the data demonstrated that protein deficiency more severe than 10% is necessary to produce behavior alterations in the EPM test. Keywords: Age, Anxiety, Environmental stimulation, Impulsiveness, Plus-maze test, Protein malnutrition levels.

Intervention in Schools promoting mental health and well-being: a systematic review

Schools have been identified as a main scenery for building social, emotional, and behavioural support among children because students spend a substantial amount of time there. This systematic review was developed and registered based on the PRISMA recommendations. The main objective was identifying school context interventions that focus on students’ wellbeing and mental health. This review refers to papers focusing on young people ages 0 to 18 years old who attend school and had been the target audience for mental health and wellbeing promotion interventions. Inclusion criteria for this systematic review was that interventions must have been carried out within a school context. The results indicate that most studies (n=13; 68%) were conducted using quantitative methodology. The majority of articles intended to promote mental health in a school context, either involving the whole school or only students. Results highlight the importance of the involvement of the whole school in order to better promote mental health and wellbeing. Findings also indicate that after years of “stigma”, mental health has become a main concern in school-aged population

Intervention in Schools promoting mental health and well-being: a systematic review

Schools have been identified as a main scenery for building social, emotional, and behavioural support among children because students spend a substantial amount of time there. This systematic review was developed and registered based on the PRISMA recommendations. The main objective was identifying school context interventions that focus on students’ wellbeing and mental health. This review refers to papers focusing on young people ages 0 to 18 years old who attend school and had been the target audience for mental health and wellbeing promotion interventions. Inclusion criteria for this systematic review was that interventions must have been carried out within a school context. The results indicate that most studies (n=13; 68%) were conducted using quantitative methodology. The majority of articles intended to promote mental health in a school context, either involving the whole school or only students. Results highlight the importance of the involvement of the whole school in order to better promote mental health and wellbeing. Findings also indicate that after years of “stigma”, mental health has become a main concern in school-aged population

Níveis de leptina, taxa metabólica basal e resistência insulínica em crianças obesas púberes

IntroductionObesity in children andadolescents is considered aseriouspublic healthproblem. The consequences of overweight can last for life. It is extremely important tohave formulas to calculate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) that are truly reliable inrelation to the individual caloric expenditure.ObjectivesTo investigate the association of serum levels of leptin, lipid profile, andinsulin resistance (insuline resistance by Homeostatic Model Assessment [HOMA]index) with the body mass index (BMI) z-score of pubertal obese children. In addition, tocompare the basal metabolic rate (BMR) evaluation carried out using bioimpedance(BIA) with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) equation.MethodsCross-sectional study including 37 pubertal obese children (aged 7 to 12years old) seen for thefirst time in the outpatient care unit specialized in child obesitybetween June 2013 and April 2014. The participants were assessed regardinganthropometric data, body composition (fat mass) by BIA 310 bioimpedance analyzer(Biodynamic Body Composition Analyser, model 310 - Biodynamics Corporation,Seattle, EUA), and blood pressure. Blood samples were collected to measure glucose,insulin, lipid profile, triglycerides, and leptin. The stage of sexual maturity wasdetermined by self-assessment according to the Tanner scale.ResultsHigher leptin levels were found in the severe obesity group (p¼0.007) and,as expected, higher BMI (p<0.001), and fat mass (p¼0.029). The groups did not differin relation to insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol(TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c), and blood pressure. The BMR measured by bioimpedance was lower ascompared to the measure by the FAO/WHO equation (p<0.001). ConclusionsThese results suggest that severely obese children may present leptinresistance in this early stage of life, (since this hormone is higher in these children). It issuggested that health professionals prioritize the calculation of BMR by bioimpedance,since the FAO/WHO equation seems to overestimate the caloric values.IntroduçãoA obesidade em crianças e adolescentes é considerada um graveproblema de saúde pública. As consequências do excesso de peso podem durar avida toda. É extremamente importante ter fórmulas para calcular a taxa metabólicabasal (TMB) que sejam realmente confiáveis em relação ao gasto calórico individual.ObjetivosInvestigar a associação dos níveis séricos de leptina, perfil lipídico eresistência à insulina (índice insuline resistance by Homeostatic Model Assessment[HOMA]) com o escore z do índice de massa corporal (IMC) de crianças obesas púberes.Além disso, comparar a avaliação da taxa metabólica basal (TMB) realizada usando abioimpedância (BIA) com a equação Food and Agricultural Organization/OrganizaçãoMundial de Saúde (FAO/OMS).MétodosEstudo transversal, incluindo 37 crianças obesas pubertárias (de 7 a 12anos) atendidas pela primeira vez no ambulatório especializado em obesidade infantilentrejunho de 2013 eabril de 2014. Osparticipantes foram avaliados quanto aos dadosantropométricos, composição corporal (massa gorda) pelo BIA 310 bioimpedanceanalyzer (Biodynamic Body Composition Analyser, model 310 - Biodynamics Corpora-tion, Seattle, EUA) e pressão arterial. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para medirglicose, insulina, perfil lipídico, triglicerídeos e leptina. O estágio da maturidade sexualfoi determinado pela autoavaliação de acordo com a escala de Tanner. Resultados Níveis mais elevados de leptina foram encontrados no grupo obesidade grave (p = 0,007) e, como esperado, maior IMC (p < 0,001) e massa gorda (p = 0,029). Os grupos não diferiram em relação à insulina, resistência à insulina (HOMA-IR), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol total (CT), colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL-c), colesterol de lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL-c) e pressão arterial. A TMB medida pela bioimpedância foi menor quando comparada à medida pela equação FAO/OMS (p < 0,001). Conclusões Esses resultados sugerem que crianças gravemente obesas podem apresentar resistência à leptina nesta fase inicial da vida (uma vez que esse hormônio é mais alto nessas crianças). Sugere-se que os profissionais de saúde priorizem o cálculo da TMB por BIA, uma vez que a equação FAO/OMS parece superestimar os valores calóricos

“My hormones drive me crazy”: psychoanalytic research with Brazilian mommy blogs

Our article seeks to investigate the collective imaginaries of mothers about maternal suffering in the perspective of the concrete psychoanalytical psychology. This investigation may ground contemporary psychological clinical practices and offer a comprehensive knowledge to debates of social movements and civil society that focus on improving the conditions of emotional and mental care for mothers and children. Our study applies the psychoanalytic method, using posts from Brazilian mommy blogs as material. The psychoanalytical consideration of the posts, based on hovering attention and free association of ideas, allowed the interpretive production of one affective-emotional field “My hormones drive me crazy”. This field is organized around the phantasy that anxious and depressive feelings experienced by mothers during the post-partum (postpartum period) would be determined by hormones and/or neurotransmitters. The results indicate an imaginative tendency to prioritize biological dimensions of human behaviors rather than the drama of relational contexts.Esta pesquisa objetiva investigar psicanaliticamente imaginários coletivos de mães sobre sofrimentos maternos, na perspectiva da psicologia psicanalítica concreta. Justifica-se como busca de conhecimento compreensivo que pode trazer subsídios para a clínica psicológica contemporânea e para debates de movimentos sociais e sociedade civil que tenham por foco a melhoria das condições de cuidados a mães e filhos. Organiza-se ao redor do método psicanalítico, utilizando como material postagens provenientes de mommy blogs brasileiros. A leitura do conjunto de postagens, em estado de atenção flutuante e associação livre de ideias, permite a produção interpretativa do campo de sentido afetivo-emocional “Meus hormônios me enlouquecem”. Este campo se organiza ao redor da fantasia segundo a qual afetos ansiosos e depressivos, vivenciados por mães durante o puerpério, seriam determinados por hormônios e/ou neurotransmissores. O quadro geral indica uma tendência imaginativa a priorizar o valor da esfera biológica em detrimento da dramática da vida relacional-vincular

Leptin Levels, Basal Metabolic Rates, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Pubertal Children

Introduction: Obesity in children and adolescents is considered a serious public health problem. The consequences of overweight can last for life. It is extremely important to have formulas to calculate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) that are truly reliable in relation to the individual caloric expenditure. Objectives: To investigate the association of serum levels of leptin, lipid profile, and insulin resistance (insuline resistance by Homeostatic Model Assessment [HOMA] index) with the body mass index (BMI) z-score of pubertal obese children. In addition, to compare the basal metabolic rate (BMR) evaluation carried out using bioimpedance (BIA) with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) equation. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 37 pubertal obese children (aged 7 to 12 years old) seen for the first time in the outpatient care unit specialized in child obesity between June 2013 and April 2014. The participants were assessed regarding anthropometric data, body composition (fat mass) by BIA 310 bioimpedance analyzer (Biodynamic Body Composition Analyser, model 310 - Biodynamics Corporation, Seattle, EUA), and blood pressure. Blood samples were collected to measure glucose, insulin, lipid profile, triglycerides, and leptin. The stage of sexual maturity was determined by self-assessment according to the Tanner scale. Results: Higher leptin levels were found in the severe obesity group (p = 0.007) and, as expected, higher BMI (p &lt; 0.001), and fat mass (p = 0.029). The groups did not differ in relation to insulin, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and blood pressure. The BMR measured by bioimpedance was lower as compared to the measure by the FAO/WHO equation (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that severely obese children may present leptin resistance in this early stage of life, (since this hormone is higher in these children). It is suggested that health professionals prioritize the calculation of BMR by bioimpedance, since the FAO/WHO equation seems to overestimate the caloric values