Pontes conceituais: uma sequência didática para o Eletromagnetismo no Ensino Médio como proposta de introdução à Física Moderna

In the research field of physics teaching there are a wide literature regarding the possibilities and obstacles to include topics of XXth Century physics (and beyond) in brazilian High School. However, these researches are disperse, generally sustaining just their own approach and, sometimes, proposing only specific approaches.Thus, the literature indicates that we seem far from having modern and contemporaneous physics (MCP) as a meaningful part of the curricula. The present work deals with the theoretical bases of learning using the Conceptual Field Theory of Vergnaud, as a means do sustain, in a systemic way, the possibility that historical and philosophical elements of Science (and of physics) can begin to play a structrual role in planning a course or in the curriculum, instead of working just as a context for teaching disciplines, thus giving meaning to more advanced areas of physics. As a concrete example of these ideas, we presesnt an experimental instructional product (didactic sequence) using the teaching of Electromagnetism by means of Maxwell’s equations from a historical and phenomenological approach. We found, after the application of the didactic sequence, that one of the major problems in addressing MCP comesfrom the absence of a unified narrative, which does not bypass the metaphysical, ontological and epistemological conflicts of the field. We thus criticize the traditional curriculum for, in general, segment the various fields of physics and, thus, make it structurally more difficult whichever pedagogical trial to teach topics that were originally developed by the unification or superation of one worldview.São encontradas, notadamente na área de Pesquisa em Ensino de Física, investigações acerca das possibilidades e das dificuldades de inclusão dos tópicos de física do século XX (em diante) no Ensino Médio brasileiro. Essas investigações se dão, no entanto, em ritmo cadenciado, mormente defendendo sua necessidade e, às vezes, propondo abordagens pontuais. Entretanto, o que a literatura também indica é que parece distante termos a física Moderna e Contemporânea (FMC) como parte significativa dos programas e currículos escolares. O presente texto intenta discutir bases teóricas de aprendizagens por meio da Teoria dos Campos Conceituais de Vergnaud, com o intuito de defender de maneira sistêmica a possibilidade de que os elementos histórico-filosóficos da ciência (e da física) possam deixar de figurar como contextualizadores, complementos ou adereços, para assumir uma posição de matriz estruturante de um plano de curso ou currículo, capaz de dar significado aos campos mais avançados da física. Como exemplo disso, descrevemos um produto educacional experimental (sequência didática) destinado à aplicação no Ensino Básico, com vistas a dar significado ao Eletromagnetismo pela compreensão das Equações de Maxwell por um viés histórico-fenomenológico. O presente trabalho constatou, após a aplicação da sequência didática, que um dos maiores problemas em abordar a FMC é a falta de construção de uma narrativa única, que respeite os conflitos metafísicos, ontológicos e epistemológicos desse saber. Critica-se, assim, o currículo tradicional por, em geral, segmentar os ramos da física e, assim, dificultar estruturalmente qualquer tentativa pedagógica de temas que só foram desenvolvidos originalmente pela unificação ou superação de uma visão de mundo

Association between classes and subclasses of polyphenol intake and 5-year body weight changes in the EPIC-PANACEA study

Objective - The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations among the intake of total polyphenols, polyphenol classes, and polyphenol subclasses and body weight change over 5 years. Methods - A total of 349,165 men and women aged 25 to 70 years were recruited in the Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home and Obesity (PANACEA) project of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from nine European countries. Body weight was measured at baseline and at follow-up after a median time of 5 years. Polyphenol intake, including four main polyphenol classes and eighteen subclasses, was estimated using validated dietary questionnaires and Phenol-Explorer. Multilevel mixed linear regression models were used to estimate the associations. Results - Participants gained, on average, 2.6 kg (±5.0 kg) over 5 years. Total flavonoids intake was inversely associated with body weight change (−0.195 kg/5 years, 95% CI: −0.262 to −0.128). However, the intake of total polyphenols (0.205 kg/5 years, 95% CI: 0.138 to 0.272) and intake of hydroxycinnamic acids (0.324 kg/5 years, 95% CI: 0.267 to 0.381) were positively associated with body weight gain. In analyses stratified by coffee consumption, hydroxycinnamic acid intake was positively associated with body weight gain in coffee consumers (0.379 kg/5 years, 95% CI: 0.319 to 0.440), but not in coffee nonconsumers (−0.179 kg/5 years, 95% CI: −0.490 to 0.133). Conclusions - Higher intakes of flavonoids and their subclasses are inversely associated with a modest body weight change. Results regarding hydroxycinnamic acids in coffee consumers require further investigation

Dietary intake of 91 individual polyphenols and 5-year body weight change in the EPIC-PANACEA cohort

Polyphenols are bioactive compounds from plants with antioxidant properties that may have a protective role against body weight gain, with adipose tissue and systemic oxidative stress as potential targets. We aimed to investigate the dietary intake of individual polyphenols and their association with 5-year body weight change in a sub-cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). This study included 349,165 adult participants from nine European countries. Polyphenol intake was estimated through country-specific validated dietary questionnaires and the Phenol-Explorer database. Body weight was obtained at recruitment and after a mean follow-up time of 5 years. Associations were estimated using multilevel mixed linear regression models. From 91 polyphenols included, the majority (n = 67) were inversely associated with 5-year body weight change after FDR-correction (q < 0.05). The greatest inverse associations were observed for quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (change in weight for doubling in intake: −0.071 (95% CI: −0.085; −0.056) kg/5 years). Only 13 polyphenols showed positive associations with body weight gain, mainly from the subclass hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) with coffee as the main dietary source, such as 4-caffeoylquinic acid (0.029 (95% CI: 0.021; 0.038) kg/5 years). Individual polyphenols with fruit, tea, cocoa and whole grain cereals as the main dietary sources may contribute to body weight maintenance in adults. Individual HCAs may have different roles in body weight change depending on their dietary source

Association between classes and subclasses of polyphenol intake and 5‐year body weight changes in the EPIC‐PANACEA study

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations among the intake of total polyphenols, polyphenol classes, and polyphenol subclasses and body weight change over 5 years. Methods A total of 349,165 men and women aged 25 to 70 years were recruited in the Physical Activity, Nutrition, Alcohol, Cessation of Smoking, Eating Out of Home and Obesity (PANACEA) project of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort from nine European countries. Body weight was measured at baseline and at follow-up after a median time of 5 years. Polyphenol intake, including four main polyphenol classes and eighteen subclasses, was estimated using validated dietary questionnaires and Phenol-Explorer. Multilevel mixed linear regression models were used to estimate the associations. Results Participants gained, on average, 2.6 kg (±5.0 kg) over 5 years. Total flavonoids intake was inversely associated with body weight change (−0.195 kg/5 years, 95% CI: −0.262 to −0.128). However, the intake of total polyphenols (0.205 kg/5 years, 95% CI: 0.138 to 0.272) and intake of hydroxycinnamic acids (0.324 kg/5 years, 95% CI: 0.267 to 0.381) were positively associated with body weight gain. In analyses stratified by coffee consumption, hydroxycinnamic acid intake was positively associated with body weight gain in coffee consumers (0.379 kg/5 years, 95% CI: 0.319 to 0.440), but not in coffee nonconsumers (−0.179 kg/5 years, 95% CI: −0.490 to 0.133). Conclusions Higher intakes of flavonoids and their subclasses are inversely associated with a modest body weight change. Results regarding hydroxycinnamic acids in coffee consumers require further investigation

Worldwide comparison of survival from childhood leukaemia for 1995–2009, by subtype, age, and sex (CONCORD-2): a population-based study of individual data for 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries

Background Global inequalities in access to health care are reflected in differences in cancer survival. The CONCORD programme was designed to assess worldwide differences and trends in population-based cancer survival. In this population-based study, we aimed to estimate survival inequalities globally for several subtypes of childhood leukaemia. Methods Cancer registries participating in CONCORD were asked to submit tumour registrations for all children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with leukaemia between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2009, and followed up until Dec 31, 2009. Haematological malignancies were defined by morphology codes in the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third revision. We excluded data from registries from which the data were judged to be less reliable, or included only lymphomas, and data from countries in which data for fewer than ten children were available for analysis. We also excluded records because of a missing date of birth, diagnosis, or last known vital status. We estimated 5-year net survival (ie, the probability of surviving at least 5 years after diagnosis, after controlling for deaths from other causes [background mortality]) for children by calendar period of diagnosis (1995-99, 2000-04, and 2005-09), sex, and age at diagnosis (< 1, 1-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years, inclusive) using appropriate life tables. We estimated age-standardised net survival for international comparison of survival trends for precursor-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Findings We analysed data from 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries. During 1995-99, 5-year agestandardised net survival for all lymphoid leukaemias combined ranged from 10.6% (95% CI 3.1-18.2) in the Chinese registries to 86.8% (81.6-92.0) in Austria. International differences in 5-year survival for childhood leukaemia were still large as recently as 2005-09, when age-standardised survival for lymphoid leukaemias ranged from 52.4% (95% CI 42.8-61.9) in Cali, Colombia, to 91.6% (89.5-93.6) in the German registries, and for AML ranged from 33.3% (18.9-47.7) in Bulgaria to 78.2% (72.0-84.3) in German registries. Survival from precursor-cell ALL was very close to that of all lymphoid leukaemias combined, with similar variation. In most countries, survival from AML improved more than survival from ALL between 2000-04 and 2005-09. Survival for each type of leukaemia varied markedly with age: survival was highest for children aged 1-4 and 5-9 years, and lowest for infants (younger than 1 year). There was no systematic difference in survival between boys and girls. Interpretation Global inequalities in survival from childhood leukaemia have narrowed with time but remain very wide for both ALL and AML. These results provide useful information for health policy makers on the effectiveness of health-care systems and for cancer policy makers to reduce inequalities in childhood survival

Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)

BACKGROUND: Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control. METHODS: Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights. FINDINGS: 5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease. INTERPRETATION: International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems

The histology of ovarian cancer: worldwide distribution and implications for international survival comparisons (CONCORD-2)

Objective Ovarian cancers comprise several histologically distinct tumour groups with widely different prognosis. We aimed to describe the worldwide distribution of ovarian cancer histology and to understand what role this may play in international variation in survival. Methods The CONCORD programme is the largest population-based study of global trends in cancer survival. Data on 681,759 women diagnosed during 1995â\u80\u932009 with cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, peritoneum and retroperitonum in 51 countries were included. We categorised ovarian tumours into six histological groups, and explored the worldwide distribution of histology. Results During 2005â\u80\u932009, type II epithelial tumours were the most common. The proportion was much higher in Oceania (73.1%), North America (73.0%) and Europe (72.6%) than in Central and South America (65.7%) and Asia (56.1%). By contrast, type I epithelial tumours were more common in Asia (32.5%), compared with only 19.4% in North America. From 1995 to 2009, the proportion of type II epithelial tumours increased from 68.6% to 71.1%, while the proportion of type I epithelial tumours fell from 23.8% to 21.2%. The proportions of germ cell tumours, sex cord-stromal tumours, other specific non-epithelial tumours and tumours of non-specific morphology all remained stable over time. Conclusions The distribution of ovarian cancer histology varies widely worldwide. Type I epithelial, germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumours are generally associated with higher survival than type II tumours, so the proportion of these tumours may influence survival estimates for all ovarian cancers combined. The distribution of histological groups should be considered when comparing survival between countries and regions

Classificação dos laboratórios de pesquisa biomédica baseada em publicações científicas: o caso do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Dada a importância do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz para as pesquisas biomédicas, em nível nacional e internacional, que visam ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, à inovação e ao fornecimento de serviços de referência para o diagnóstico de doenças infecciosas e genéticas e para o controle vetorial, um mapeamento da produtividade dos seus laboratórios pode contribuir para o planejamento dos recursos, considerando-se as necessidades e as prioridades das demandas de saúde regionais. O problema de pesquisa considerou o relato dos gestores a respeito da divisão dos laboratórios não se mostrar eficiente para atender às necessidades de investimento em pesquisas de saúde, devido à grande pulverização de recursos. O objetivo foi avaliar e apresentar as potencialidades de colaboração, de interação e de integração entre os laboratórios de pesquisa, considerando as publicações científicas dos seus pesquisadores, as áreas de pesquisa e as palavras-chave relacionadas aos laboratórios, também as áreas de conhecimento e os medical subject headings encontrados nas bases ISI Web of Science e PubMed, respectivamente. A metodologia utilizada compreendeu a análise de redes quanto à colaboração e à classificação científica das publicações; e a análise de textos instrumentalizada pelo software IRAMuTeQ. Como conclusão, foram apresentadas possibilidades de agrupamentos com diferentes abordagens. No entanto, esclarece-se que foram utilizadas apenas informações acerca de publicações científicas. Isso pode implicar um viés nos resultados encontrados, havendo, portanto, necessidade de um parecer de especialistas acerca desses resultados. A sugestão é que a pesquisa seja aprofundada, considerando os programas de pós-graduação do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz e de seus professores, além de trabalhos de dissertação e de tese defendidos nos últimos anos (como o E-lattes) e que os seus resultados sejam apresentados em outras publicações

Ensaio sobre as inter-relações entre arquitetura escolar, cibercultura e ensino de Ciências: desafios e propostas para as juventudes da Geração Y

There is a diversity of technological resources that can contribute to methodological innovations in science education, but it is interesting to note how difficult it is to adopt new ideas. Such difficulty is present in the processes of diffusion and incorporation of innovations, even if they present advantages in relation to the current idea. In this study, it is desired to establish a confrontation with what is considered traditional in science education. Therefore, the objective is to investigate how the organization and architecture of the school environment can favor students' attention and concentration, in a critical and meaningful perspective. The theoretical framework of this essay is interdisciplinary, based on the studies of Foucault (1999a; 1999b; 1999c), Lévy (1993), Vygotski (1988), Kaplan (1995), among others. The methodology adopted is based on an exploratory bibliographic study. Methodologically, the essay was divided into four parts: in the first, collective intelligence (LÉVY, 1993) and the zone of proximal development (VYGOTSKI, 1988) are discussed; in the second, the articulation between science teaching and digital technologies is addressed; in the third, it is about architecture in the learning process; and in the fourth, two proposals for learning environments are launched: the articulated classroom and the collaboration space. As an essay, the contributions of this study are focused on the exploration and discussion of recent themes (ADORNO, 1994), bringing, emphatically, studies that can launch possible theoretical contributions for further application.Há uma diversidade de recursos tecnológicos que podem contribuir para as inovações metodológicas no ensino de Ciências, mas é interessante observar o quanto é difícil a adoção de novas ideias. Tal dificuldade está presente nos processos de difusão e incorporação de inovações, mesmo que elas apresentem vantagens em relação à ideia vigente. Neste estudo, deseja-se estabelecer um confronto com o que é considerado tradicional no ensino de Ciências. Para tanto, o objetivo é investigar como a organização e a arquitetura do ambiente escolar podem favorecer a atenção e a concentração dos alunos, em uma perspectiva crítica e significativa. O arcabouço teórico deste ensaio é interdisciplinar, baseando-se nos estudos de Foucault (1999a; 1999b; 1999c), Lévy (1993), Vygotski (1988), Kaplan (1995), dentre outros. A metodologia adotada ancora-se em um estudo bibliográfico de caráter exploratório. Metodologicamente, o ensaio foi dividido em quatro partes: na primeira, discute-se a inteligência coletiva (LÉVY, 1993) e a zona de desenvolvimento proximal (VYGOTSKI, 1988); na segunda, aborda-se a articulação entre ensino de Ciências e tecnologias digitais; na terceira, trata-se da arquitetura no processo de aprendizagem; e, na quarta, lançam-se duas propostas de ambientes de aprendizagem: a sala de aula articulada e o espaço de colaboração. Como ensaio, as contribuições deste estudo estão voltadas para a exploração e a discussão de temas recentes (ADORNO, 1994), trazendo, como mote, estudos que possam lançar contribuições teóricas possíveis de ulterior aplicação