Wahhábitská/salafitská rétorika v oblasti Severního Kavkazu

Saláfizmus je považovaný za mobilizačnú ideológiu mnohých islamských teroristických hnutí. Inak tomu nie je ani v prípade organizácie Kaukazský emirát, ktorá operuje v horách ruského severného Kaukazu. Táto práca analyzuje myšlienkové trendy severokaukazského saláfizmu, ktorým sa bežne vo väčšine vedeckých prác venuje iba málo pozornosti. V práci ide predovšetkým o analýzu hlavných tém, ktorými sa saláfistická propaganda Kaukazského emirátu zaoberá, no značný priestor je venovaný i o náboženským autoritám, ktoré týmto myšlienkam prepožičiavajú legitimitu. Pozornosť je pritom venovaná ako arabským, tak i kaukazským islamským učencom. Záver práce mapuje značné posuny rétoriky, ktoré nastali kvôli konfliktu Kaukazského emirátu s organizáciou Islamský štát. Analýza rétoriky vychádza z poznatkov dosiaľ uverejnených akademických zdrojov, no z veľkej časti čerpá i z autentických internetových materiálov, akými sú džihádistické webstránky a videá v ruskom jazyku. Tieto dokazujú, že rétorika severokaukazských saláfistov je vo všeobecnosti podobná ako u iných džihádistických hnutí, avšak zároveň je značne rozporuplná, pretože svoje myšlienky čerpá z od mnohých náboženských autorít, ktoré miestami propagujú protichodné postoje. Zároveň možno sledovať i mnohé rozpory, ktoré Kaukazským emirátom i al-Qáᶜidou...Salafism is considered a powerful mobilising ideology used by many Islamist and terrorist movements worldwide. This ideology was also adopted by the Caucasus Emirate, a once influential terrorist organisation that used to operate in the mountains of Russian Northern Caucasus. This paper thoroughly analyses religious ideas and trends behind North-Caucasian Salafism, as the body of academic sources concerning this issue is quite limited up to now. The analysis deals with main topics and narratives of the Caucasus Emirate Salafist propaganda, but also considers religious authorities that grant theological legitimacy to these ideological concepts. Both Arab and North-Caucasian spiritual leaders and ideologues are under scrutiny of this analysis. Concluding part of this paper outlines shifts in the rhetoric, which are caused by the conflict between the Caucasus Emirate and the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Levant. Analysis of the rhetoric draws conclusions using previously published academic work as well as the authentic internet sources, i.e. jihadist websites and videos in the Russian language. The paper suggests that the rhetoric of North-Caucasian Salafists is generally similar to the rhetoric of any other jihadist movement, but at the same time it contains number of inconsistencies as it...Institute of Near Eastern and African StudiesÚstav Blízkého východu a AfrikyFilozofická fakultaFaculty of Art

Produkcia a kvalita fytomasy aluviálnej lúky v interakcii so zrážkami a teplotou

The aim of the experiment was to assess an effect of rainfall, temperature and fertilization on grassland dry matter (DM) production and quality. Five treatments control (C0N), PK, N50PK, N100PK and N150PK were established in the western part of “Zvolenská kotlina” basin (Slovakia) on alluvial meadow. The paper consists of experimental data collected during 11 years (2008 – 2018). The highest DM production was found in the treatment with the rate of 150 kg/ ha, the lowest crude protein (CP) content was identified with the unfertilized treatment. However fertilization showed no statistically significant impact on dry matter production or CP content. Variability in rainfall over growing period was an important factor affecting DM production with statistically significant (P<0.01). To contrary, there was no relationship between average temperature over growing period and DM production or CP content. On average, the highest CP content was found in years with the normal rainfall and the normal average temperature.Cieľom výskumu bolo vyhodnotiť účinok zrážok, teploty a hnojenia na produkciu a kvalitu trávneho porastu. Pokus bol založený na aluviálnej lúke v západnej časti “Zvolenskej kotliny“ (Slovensko) a pozostával z 5 variantov: kontrola (C0N), PK, N50PK, N100PK a N150PK. Príspevok obsahuje údaje za obdobie 11 rokov (2008 –2018). Najvyššia produkcia sušiny (DM) bola zaznamenaná na variante hnojenom dávkou dusíka 150 kg/ha, najnižší obsah dusíkatých látok bol zistený na nehnojenej kontrole. Hnojenie nemalo štatisticky významný vplyv na produkciu sušiny a na obsah dusíkatých látok. Významným faktorom, ktorý ovplyvňoval produkciu sušiny bola variabilita v úhrne zrážok za vegetačné obdobie so štatistickou preukaznosťou (P<0,01). Naopak, priemerná teplota za vegetačné obdobie nemala vplyv na produkciu sušiny ani na koncentráciu dusíkatých látok. V priemere, najvyšší obsah dusíkatých látok bol zistený v rokoch s normálnym úhrnom zrážok a normálnou priemernou teplotou za vegetačné obdobie

Implementation of clil at Technical University focusing on CLIL teacher profile

The submitted paper deals with the issue of CLIL implementation at the Technical University in Zvolen, Slovakia, specifically with the CLIL teacher profile and the preparedness of the university teachers to apply CLIL into their teaching practice. The topic was selected due to the ever-increasing importance of English in everyday communication and for professional, academic, and scientific purposes. The nature of the research is qualitative; therefore, the SWOT analysis was used for analysing the current state of teacher preparedness for CLIL implementation. The study was conducted using a sample of 15 university teachers teaching disciplinary subjects via a structured interview. The interviews were subsequently analyzed, considering three aspects of CLIL teacher profile: professional background and expertise, methodological preparedness, and language preparedness. Individual strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of implementing CLIL were established in the analysis. The results indicated a general lack of language and methodological preparedness of teachers. On the other hand, all interviewed teachers were eager to improve in the specific areas to teach using the CLIL methodology since they all acknowledged the importance of language knowledge. Nevertheless, students' insufficient level of language preparedness could be a threat to implementing the CLIL methodology, which could eventually discourage them from attending lectures and seminars where CLIL elements are applied

Macrophages and Adipocytes in Human Obesity: Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Insulin Sensitivity During Calorie Restriction and Weight Stabilization

International audienceOBJECTIVE: We investigated the regulation of adipose tissue gene expression during different phases of a dietary weight loss program and its relation with insulin sensitivity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty-two obese women followed a dietary intervention program composed of an energy restriction phase with a 4-week very-low-calorie diet and a weight stabilization period composed of a 2-month low-calorie diet followed by 3-4 months of a weight maintenance diet. At each time point, a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were performed. Adipose tissue gene expression profiling was performed using a DNA microarray in a subgroup of eight women. RT-quantitative PCR was used for determination of mRNA levels of 31 adipose tissue macrophage markers (n = 22). RESULTS: Body weight, fat mass, and C-reactive protein level decreased and glucose disposal rate increased during the dietary intervention program. Transcriptome profiling revealed two main patterns of variations. The first involved 464 mostly adipocyte genes involved in metabolism that were downregulated during energy restriction, upregulated during weight stabilization, and unchanged during the dietary intervention. The second comprised 511 mainly macrophage genes involved in inflammatory pathways that were not changed or upregulated during energy restriction and downregulated during weight stabilization and dietary intervention. Accordingly, macrophage markers were upregulated during energy restriction and downregulated during weight stabilization and dietary intervention. The increase in glucose disposal rates in each dietary phase was associated with variation in expression of sets of 80-110 genes that differed among energy restriction, weight stabilization, and dietary intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Adipose tissue macrophages and adipocytes show distinct patterns of gene regulation and association with insulin sensitivity during the various phases of a dietary weight loss program

Upalni i hematotoksični potencijal metabolita plijesni Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes u zatvorenim prostorijama

Mould Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes is known to pose a health risk in indoor environments. Most of its strains can produce several intra- and extracellular trichothecene mycotoxins. Complex secondary metabolites of stachybotrys isolates from mouldy dwellings/public buildings in Slovakia were intratracheally instilled in Wistar male rats (4 μg in 0.2 mL of 0.2 % dimethylsulphoxide; diacetoxyscirpenol as the positive control). After three days, haematological parameters were measured in peripheral blood and infl ammatory response biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fl uid (BALF), and the results were statistically analysed. Exometabolites proved to suppress red blood cell (RBC), decreasing the total RBC count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit. The exposed rats showed signifi cantly higher total BALF cell count, indicating infl ammation, lower alveolar macrophage counts, and increased granulocyte count related to the BALF cells. Due to haematotoxic and infl ammation-inducing properties, metabolites of S. chartarum can cause damage to the airways and haematological disorders in occupants of mouldy buildings.Plijesan Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes poznata je kao rizični mikroorganizam u zatvorenim prostorijama. Većina njezinih sojeva može proizvesti nekoliko unutarstaničnih i izvanstaničnih trikotecenskih mikotoksina. Muškim Wistar štakorima instilirani su intratrahealno kompleksni sekundarni metaboliti stahibotrisa izolirani iz stambenih i javnih zgrada u Slovačkoj zahvaćenima plijesni (4 μg na 0,2 mL 0,2 %-tnog dimetilsulfoksida; dok se diacetoksiscirpenol rabio kao pozitivna kontrola). Tri dana kasnije izmjereni su hematološki parametri u perifernoj krvi te biopokazatelji upalnoga odgovora u bronhoalveolarnome ispirku te su rezultati obrađeni statistički. Pokazalo se da egzometaboliti suprimiraju eritrocite, smanjujući njihov ukupni broj, hemoglobin i hematokrit. Izloženi štakori imali su značajno veći broj stanica u bronhoalveolarnome ispirku, što upućuje na upalu, dok im je broj alveolarnih makrofaga bio manji, a broj granulocita povezanih sa stanicama u ispirku veći. Zbog svojih hematotoksičnih i upalnih svojstava S. chartarum može dovesti do oštećenja dišnih putova i poremećaja u krvotvornome sustavu osoba koje žive i/ili rade u zgradama zahvaćenima tom plijesni

The comparison of regulation of indebtedness of municipal authorities in the Czech and the Slovak Republics

Bakalářská práce se zabývá porovnáním regulace zadluženosti v České a Slovenské republice. V práci je srovnán vývoj a současný stav struktury veřejné správy, financování obcí a zadluženosti obou států. V závěru jsou popsány způsoby regulace obecní zadluženosti a jejich komparace.This bachelor work deals with comparison of indebtedness in the Czech and the Slovak Republics. The present status of public administration, financing of municipalities and the indebtedness of both countries are compared in this work. In the final section of the work are described methods of regulation of municipal indebtedness and their comparison.Ústav ekonomieDokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobo

Wahhabi/Salafi Rhetoric in the Northern Part of the Caucasus Region

Salafism is considered a powerful mobilising ideology used by many Islamist and terrorist movements worldwide. This ideology was also adopted by the Caucasus Emirate, a once influential terrorist organisation that used to operate in the mountains of Russian Northern Caucasus. This paper thoroughly analyses religious ideas and trends behind North-Caucasian Salafism, as the body of academic sources concerning this issue is quite limited up to now. The analysis deals with main topics and narratives of the Caucasus Emirate Salafist propaganda, but also considers religious authorities that grant theological legitimacy to these ideological concepts. Both Arab and North-Caucasian spiritual leaders and ideologues are under scrutiny of this analysis. Concluding part of this paper outlines shifts in the rhetoric, which are caused by the conflict between the Caucasus Emirate and the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Levant. Analysis of the rhetoric draws conclusions using previously published academic work as well as the authentic internet sources, i.e. jihadist websites and videos in the Russian language. The paper suggests that the rhetoric of North-Caucasian Salafists is generally similar to the rhetoric of any other jihadist movement, but at the same time it contains number of inconsistencies as it..

Rovnováha identity a rovnováha sil: případ dynamiky konfliktu mezi Saúdskou Arábií a Íránem

Tato práce aplikuje koncept náboženské (národní) identity na případy Saúdské Arábie, Íránu a jejich spojenců - státních i nestátních aktérů v Libanonu, Sýrii a Jemenu. Cílem práce bylo poukázat na důležitost sunnitské a šíitské náboženské identity v jejich vzájemných vztazích v prostředí Blízkého východu, což je v kontrastu s realistickým tvrzením, že aliance, konflikty a politický vývoj jsou diktovány pragmatickými mocenskými zájmy. Kromě toho práce zkoumá, zda má náboženská (národní) identita dopad na dynamiku zástupných (proxy) válek. Záměrem bylo vytvoření komplexního obrazu toho, jak funguje souhra ideových/konstruktivistických a pragmatických/ realistických faktorů, která pak ovlivňuje aliance, antipatie a konflikty na Blízkém východě. Použitím kvalitativních metod výzkumu byly zkonstruovány náboženské (národní) identity Saúdské Arábie, Íránu a jejich spojenců v Libanonu, Sýrii a Jemenu za účelem vytvoření ideových a pragmatických východisek; tyto pak byly vzájemně propojeny, aby poukázaly na to, jak konvergence náboženských identit napomáhá vytvoření stabilních aliancí v případě, že je využita cíleně jako strategický nástroj, který chrání národní zájmy. Práce poukazuje na rozdíly ve využívání tohoto nástroje Íránem a Saúdskou Arábií, které můžou souviset se zahraničně-politickými úspěchy a...This thesis applies the concept of religious (national) identity to the cases of Saudi Arabia, Iran and their proxy allies - state and non-state actors - in Lebanon, Syria and Yemen. The aim was to show that in the Middle East, Sunni and Shiite affiliations matter in the relationship between the regional powers and respective proxies, as opposing to realist statement that alliances, conflicts and political developments are only governed by pragmatic power interests. Additionally, the work examines whether religious national identities have impact on the dynamics of proxy conflicts. Overall, the objective was to establish comprehensive image of how ideational/constructivist and pragmatic/realist factors work in combination to influence alliances, enmities and conflicts in the Middle East. Using qualitative methods of research, religious (national) identities of Saudi Arabia, Iran and their allies in Lebanon, Syria and Yemen were constructed so as to create ideational and realist points of departure, and then interlinked to show how convergence of religious identities helps in creating durable alliances if used in targeted manner as a strategic tool which can help safeguard national interests. The work shows notable differences in the use of this tool between Saudi Arabia and Iran, suggesting that it...Department of Security StudiesKatedra bezpečnostních studiíFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě

Balance of identity and balance of power: The case of conflict dynamics between Saudi Arabia and Iran

This thesis applies the concept of religious (national) identity to the cases of Saudi Arabia, Iran and their proxy allies - state and non-state actors - in Lebanon, Syria and Yemen. The aim was to show that in the Middle East, Sunni and Shiite affiliations matter in the relationship between the regional powers and respective proxies, as opposing to realist statement that alliances, conflicts and political developments are only governed by pragmatic power interests. Additionally, the work examines whether religious national identities have impact on the dynamics of proxy conflicts. Overall, the objective was to establish comprehensive image of how ideational/constructivist and pragmatic/realist factors work in combination to influence alliances, enmities and conflicts in the Middle East. Using qualitative methods of research, religious (national) identities of Saudi Arabia, Iran and their allies in Lebanon, Syria and Yemen were constructed so as to create ideational and realist points of departure, and then interlinked to show how convergence of religious identities helps in creating durable alliances if used in targeted manner as a strategic tool which can help safeguard national interests. The work shows notable differences in the use of this tool between Saudi Arabia and Iran, suggesting that it..

Využitie digestátu vo výžive trvalých trávnych porastov

Príspevok obsahuje výsledky výskumu overenia nových možností využitia digestátu vo výžive trávnych porastov. Digestát vzniká ako produkt pri procese kofermentácie rastlinnej a živočíšnej biomasy pri výrobe bioplynu. Experiment bol založený počas rokov 2018 až 2019 na poloprírodnom trávnom poraste, v lokalite Radvaň neďaleko Banskej Bystrici, v nadmorskej výške 427 m. Pokus pozostával zo 4 variantov (nehnojený porast; porast hnojený digestátom zo 100 % hnojovice; porast hnojený digestátom z 80 % hnojovice a 20 % fytomasy a porast hnojený digestátom zo 60 % hnojovice a 40 % fytomasy). Trávy porast bol využívaný trojkosným spôsobom. Pôdny typ je kambizem, pôdny druh hlinitá až hlinito piesočnatá pôda, s počiatočným pH (KCl) 7,18. Hnojenie digestátom sa pozitívne prejavilo na zvyšovaní produkcii sušiny. Všetky tri faktory (rok, aplikácia digestátu a kosba) signifikantne (P˂0,01) ovplyvňovali produkciu sušiny. Na variante hnojenom digestátom zo 60 % hnojovice a 40 % konzervovanej fytomasy, bola zaznamenaná najvyššia produkcia sušiny (4,75 t.ha-1 ). Variant s aplikáciou digestátu z 80 % hnojovice a 20 % fytomasy poskytol v priemere najvyššie hodnoty dusíkatých látok (155,68 g.kg-1 ), najvyššiu koncentráciu vápnika (12,40 g.kg-1 ) a horčíka (3,70 g.kg-1 ). Nehnojený variant mal najvyšší obsah fosforu (3,67 g.kg-1 ) a draslíka (23,39 g.kg-1 ). Aplikácia digestátu nemala štatisticky významný vplyv (P˂0,01) na obsah P, Ca a Mg v nadzemnej fytomase