The need for farm forestry

16 pages; includes photographs and drawing. This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu

Recruitment of the Major Vault Protein by InlK: A Listeria monocytogenes Strategy to Avoid Autophagy

L. monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium responsible for listeriosis. It is able to invade, survive and replicate in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. The infectious process at the cellular level has been extensively studied and many virulence factors have been identified. Yet, the role of InlK, a member of the internalin family specific to L. monocytogenes, remains unknown. Here, we first show using deletion analysis and in vivo infection, that InlK is a bona fide virulence factor, poorly expressed in vitro and well expressed in vivo, and that it is anchored to the bacterial surface by sortase A. We then demonstrate by a yeast two hybrid screen using InlK as a bait, validated by pulldown experiments and immunofluorescence analysis that intracytosolic bacteria via an interaction with the protein InlK interact with the Major Vault Protein (MVP), the main component of cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteic particules named vaults. Although vaults have been implicated in several cellular processes, their role has remained elusive. Our analysis demonstrates that MVP recruitment disguises intracytosolic bacteria from autophagic recognition, leading to an increased survival rate of InlK over-expressing bacteria compared to InlK− bacteria. Together these results reveal that MVP is hijacked by L. monocytogenes in order to counteract the autophagy process, a finding that could have major implications in deciphering the cellular role of vault particles

American Geographical Society of New York Records, 1723-2010, bulk 1854-2000

Correspondence between Isaiah Bowman and Raphael Zon, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, regarding his manuscript on Forest Resources of the World and a discussion of publishing his paper "Forests and Human Progress.

Timber: Mine or Crop?

Excerpts: Three outstanding measures are necessary to bring about the growing of timber crops on forest lands. The first is to stop unrestrained forest exploitation, the denudation which is a direct result of timber mining. Timber mining has already left 81 million acres of forest land largely barren, has made 250 million acres more only partially productive, and is adding to these areas from 5 to 10 million acres each year. With little systematic provision for the renewal of our privately owned forests, with a cut four times the present growth of wood, the remaining timber supplies have become so localized as greatly to decrease their general utility. The second step required is to reduce waste in the use of timber. Out of a cut of 22 1/2 billion cubic feet, we waste each year more than 9 billion feet. By the elimination of obvious waste in the woods, in the manufacture of lumber, and in its remanufacture and use, by the general application of technical knowledge already available, and by thorough-going research in the properties, protection, and utilization of wood, it should be possible to save at least 6 1/2 billion board feet of lumber each year and additional amounts of other material. The possible saving in lumber alone is equal to the present yearly growth on 170 million acres. The third important objective is to increase timber production to the full capacity of the land. Only by this course can we hope to grow the equivalent of our present consumption of 22 1/2 billion cubic feet. Full production will require the planting of areas now denuded which will not reforest themselves though fires are kept out. It involves careful methods of cutting areas now bearing timber and their protection from insects and diseases

The Utilization of Our Lands for Crops, Pasture, and Forests

Excerpts: The dominant characteristic of American economic life has been abundance of land resources. The assumption of this abundance has colored our habits of thought and become the essential foundation for our economic policy, both individual and public. This national tradition was first seriously challenged by the conservation movement, which caused our people to pause and consider whether our amazing population growth and two centuries of exploitation of natural resources might have altered the outlook. However, that movement directed attention principally to the forests, mineral resources, and water powers, whereas the object of this article is to consider our present situation and future outlook in regard to our resources available for growing the food and raw materials that must be supplied by our crop lands, pastures, and forests. This will involve (1) a summary of our present land resources and of the extent and character of present uses, and (2) an estimate of future requirements—particularly those of the next few decades—and the relation of these requirements to the potential area available for the various uses