The experimental cascade curves of EAS at E sub 0 10(17) eV obtained by the method of detection of Cherenkov pulse shape

The individual cascade curves of EAS with E sub 0 10 to the 17th power eV/I to 3/ were studied by detection of EAS Cherenkov light pulses. The scintillators located at the center of the Yakutsk EAS array within a 500-m radius circle were used to select the showers and to determine the main EAS parameters. The individual cascade curves N(t) were obtained using the EAS Cherenkov light pulses satisfying the following requirements: (1) the signal-to-noise ratio fm/delta sub n 15, (2) the EAS axis-detector distance tau sub 350 m, (3) the zenith angle theta 30 deg, (4) the probability for EAS to be detected by scintillators W 0.8. Condition (1) arises from the desire to reduce the amplitude distortion of Cherenkov pulses due to noise and determines the range of EAS sizes, N(t). The resolution times of the Cherenkov pulse shape detectors are tau sub 0 approx. 23 ns which results in distortion of a pulse during the process of the detection. The distortion of pulses due to the finiteness of tau sub 0 value was estimated. It is shown that the rise time of pulse becomes greater as tau sub 0.5/tau sub 0 ratio decreases

The LYRA Instrument Onboard PROBA2: Description and In-Flight Performance

The Large Yield Radiometer (LYRA) is an XUV-EUV-MUV (soft X-ray to mid-ultraviolet) solar radiometer onboard the European Space Agency PROBA2 mission that was launched in November 2009. LYRA acquires solar irradiance measurements at a high cadence (nominally 20 Hz) in four broad spectral channels, from soft X-ray to MUV, that have been chosen for their relevance to solar physics, space weather and aeronomy. In this article, we briefly review the design of the instrument, give an overview of the data products distributed through the instrument website, and describe the way that data are calibrated. We also briefly present a summary of the main fields of research currently under investigation by the LYRA consortium

Development of High Granulated Straw Chambers of Large Sizes

We have developed the baseline design for the straw drift tube tracking detectors for high rate environment application. The low-mass inner straw elements and the technology of the multianode straws assembly was devised and checked. The prototype chamber was constructed and studied the granularity of similar chambers can be reduced to one cm2. Submitted to Physics of Elementary Particles and Atomic Nuclei, LettersComment: 6 pages, 10 figure

Mathematical modeling of the hydrodynamics of the bubble mode during the bottom blowing of the ladle furnace: Report III

The formation and motion of gas bubbles in the melt substantially affect the heat exchange and kinetics of chemical transformations when performing the fire refining of copper in the ladle furnace. The variation in the bubble velocity, as well as of the volume and surface of the moving gas bubble over the melt height, is considered in the presented mathematical model. © 2013 Allerton Press, Inc

Использование модели трансформационного лидерства в управлении полицией

The police, as well as other government agencies is a rather conservative mechanism not prone to rapid changes of style, techniques and methods of work and management methods as well. Despite more than a four-year "experience" of police reform in Russia, the police, is still the subject of constant criticism both from policing practitioners and theorists. This article describes the "cooperative" management system. The goal of the proposed material to the reader is the opening for the Russian reader leadership practices of the German police. The authors suggest that familiarity with the data presented below will help the continued practice of reforming of the Russian police, as well as police forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Today, both in Europe and Russia the traditional authoritarian system management and administration of the force dominates the fact that due to authors does not meet modern requirements of a changing and globalizing society and in the Police Science there is almost complete lack of international studies and those present are very scattered and fragmentary. It seems that this material will be useful for the further work of managers in the Russian police and possibly other countries of the so-called the former Soviet Union.La policía, como otros organismos estatales, es un mecanismo bastante conservador, no propenso a cambios rápidos en el estilo, los métodos y los métodos de trabajo, así como los métodos de gestión. A pesar de más de cuatro años de "experiencia" en la reforma de la policía en Rusia, la policía sigue siendo objeto de críticas constantes por parte de la policía y los teóricos. Este artículo describe un sistema de gestión "cooperativo". El propósito del material ofrecido al lector es la divulgación de las prácticas líderes de la policía alemana para el lector ruso. Los autores sugieren que conocer los datos que se presentan a continuación ayudará a continuar la práctica de reformar la policía rusa, así como las fuerzas policiales de los países de la Comunidad de Estados Independientes (CEI). Hoy en día, tanto en Europa como en Rusia, el sistema autoritario tradicional de gestión y administración de fuerzas domina en que, según los autores, no cumple con los requisitos modernos de una sociedad de globalización cambiante, y casi no hay investigación internacional en ciencia policial. Este material será útil para el trabajo posterior de los gerentes de la policía rusa y, posiblemente, de otros países de la llamada antigua Unión Soviética.Полиция, как и другие государственные органы, является довольно консервативным механизмом, не склонным к быстрым изменениям стиля, приемов и методов работы, а также методов управления. Несмотря на более чем четырехлетний «опыт» реформирования полиции в России, полиция по-прежнему подвергается постоянной критике со стороны как полицейских, так и теоретиков. В данной статье описывается «кооперативная» система управления. Целью предлагаемого читателю материала является раскрытие для российского читателя лидерских практик немецкой полиции. Авторы предполагают, что знакомство с данными, представленными ниже, поможет продолжить практику реформирования российской полиции, а также сил полиции стран Содружества Независимых Государств (СНГ). Сегодня как в Европе, так и в России традиционная авторитарная система управления и администрирования сил доминирует в том, что, по мнению авторов, не отвечает современным требованиям изменяющегося общества глобализации, а в науке о полиции почти полностью отсутствуют международные исследования. Этот материал будет полезен для дальнейшей работы менеджеров российской полиции и, возможно, других стран так называемого бывшего Советского Союза

Characteristic features of the temperature dependence of the surface impedance in polycrystalline MgB2_2 samples

The real $R_s(T)$ and imaginary $X_s(T)$ parts of the surface impedance $Z_s(T)=R_s(T)+iX_s(T)$ in polycrystalline MgB$_2$ samples of different density with the critical temperature $T_c\approx 38$ K are measured at the frequency of 9.4 GHz and in the temperature range $5\le T<200$ K. The normal skin-effect condition $R_s(T)=X_s(T)$ at $T\ge T_c$ holds only for the samples of the highest density with roughness sizes not more than 0.1 $\mu$m. For such samples extrapolation $T\to 0$ of the linear at $T<T_c/2$ temperature dependences $\lambda_L(T)=X_s(T)/\omega\mu_0$ and $R_s(T)$ results in values of the London penetration depth $\lambda_L(0)\approx 600$ \AA and residual surface resistance $R_{res}\approx 0.8$ m$\Omega$. In the entire temperature range the dependences $R_s(T)$ and $X_s(T)$ are well described by the modified two-fluid model.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Europhysics Letters, accepted for publicatio

The Application of Schematic Compensation Technique for Increasing of Radioelectronic Devices Reliability

The schematic method development of radiation degradation compensation of operating amplifiers’ input currents and offset voltages on basis of radiation-sensitive parameter degradation research of integral microcircuits and discrete transistors is presented and experimentally verified

Unoccupied Band Structure of NbSe2 by Very-Low-Energy Electron Diffraction: Experiment and Theory

A combined experimental and theoretical study of very-low-energy electron diffraction at the (0001) surface of 2H-NbSe2 is presented. Electron transmission spectra have been measured for energies up to 50 eV above the Fermi level with k|| varying along the GammaK line of the Brillouin zone. Ab initio calculations of the spectra have been performed with the extended linear augmented plane wave k-p method. The experimental spectra are interpreted in terms of three-dimensional one-electron band structure. Special attention is paid to the quasi-particle lifetimes: by comparing the broadening of the spectral structures in the experimental and calculated spectra the energy dependence of the optical potential Vi is determined. A sharp increase of Vi at 20 eV is detected, which is associated with a plasmon peak in the Im(-1/epsilon) function. Furthermore, the electron energy loss spectrum and the reflectivity of NbSe2 are calculated ab initio and compared with optical experiments. The obtained information on the dispersions and lifetimes of the unoccupied states is important for photoemission studies of the 3D band structure of the valence band.Comment: 17 pages, 11 Postscript figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.

On the low-temperature lattice thermal transport in nanowires

We propose a theory of low temperature thermal transport in nano-wires in the regime where a competition between phonon and flexural modes governs the relaxation processes. Starting with the standard kinetic equations for two different types of quasiparticles we derive a general expression for the coefficient of thermal conductivity. The underlying physics of thermal conductance is completely determined by the corresponding relaxation times, which can be calculated directly for any dispersion of quasiparticles depending on the size of a system. We show that if the considered relaxation mechanism is dominant, then at small wire diameters the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity experiences a crossover from $T^{1/2}$ to $T^3$-dependence. Quantitative analysis shows reasonable agreement with resent experimental results.Comment: 12 pages, 3 eps figure