Raman-based geobarometry of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks: applications, problems, and perspectives

Raman-based geobarometry has recently become increasingly popular because it is an elegant way to obtain information on peak metamorphic conditions or the entire pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) path of metamorphic rocks, especially those formed under ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) conditions. However, several problems need to be solved to get reliable estimates of metamorphic conditions. In this paper we present some examples of difficulties which can arise during the Raman spectroscopy study of solid inclusions from ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks

To the Macro-morphology of the Stomach in Red Deer

Reindeer antler breeding in Altai is a promising industry. Dietary meat and antlers, which are used in Oriental medicine, are received from red deer. In this regard, the study of the morphology of red deer and in particular its digestive system is relevant. The digestive system provides the body with nutrients and energy. Red deer have a four-chamber stomach. 1 – Rumen is the largest part of the stomach, it is used for hydrolysis of feed. It consists of mucous, muscular and serous membranes. The mucous membrane has papillae. 2 – The reticulum is a small part, there are cells on the inner surface, it performs the function of sorting the feed. 3 The omasum separates the liquid fraction of the feed from the dense fraction, has inside flat outgrowths. 4 In the abomasum, the same processes occur as in the single-chambered stomach. The stomach doesn’t develop evenly. Stomach chambers grow most intensively up to 6 months and then up to 2 years. Then their growth energy decreases, the growth is doubtful

Interakcija dušika sa Ni(111) ravninom

Clean nickel surfaces seem to be inert to N2 adsorption. Active centers though, produced by nitrogen ion bombardment of the Ni(111) plane, allow non activated, dissociative adsorption of nitrogen. This mechanism leads to zero order desorption kinetics at a temperature of 820 K. Saturation of the corresponding adsorption state is reached at 0.35 ML. The nitrogen ion bombardment leads to large amounts (≃ 3 ML) of sub-surface nitrogen, which desorb around 650 K. An attractive interaction between adsorbed nitrogen and hydrogen leads to simultaneous desorption of the two species at 430 K.Čista površina nikla je, čini se, inertna za apsorpciju N2. Međutim, aktivna središta načinjena ionskim bombardiranjem Ni(111) površine dušikom omogućuju neaktiviranu disocijativnu apsorpciju dušika. Zasićenje se dosiže pri 0.35 ML. Bombardiranje dušikovim ionima vodi na velike količine (≃ 3 ML) dušika pod površinom, koje desorbiraju na 650 K. Privlačne sile medu vodikovim i dušikovim atomima uzrokuju istovremenu desorpciju obje vrste pri 430 K

Interakcija dušika sa Ni(111) ravninom

Clean nickel surfaces seem to be inert to N2 adsorption. Active centers though, produced by nitrogen ion bombardment of the Ni(111) plane, allow non activated, dissociative adsorption of nitrogen. This mechanism leads to zero order desorption kinetics at a temperature of 820 K. Saturation of the corresponding adsorption state is reached at 0.35 ML. The nitrogen ion bombardment leads to large amounts (≃ 3 ML) of sub-surface nitrogen, which desorb around 650 K. An attractive interaction between adsorbed nitrogen and hydrogen leads to simultaneous desorption of the two species at 430 K.Čista površina nikla je, čini se, inertna za apsorpciju N2. Međutim, aktivna središta načinjena ionskim bombardiranjem Ni(111) površine dušikom omogućuju neaktiviranu disocijativnu apsorpciju dušika. Zasićenje se dosiže pri 0.35 ML. Bombardiranje dušikovim ionima vodi na velike količine (≃ 3 ML) dušika pod površinom, koje desorbiraju na 650 K. Privlačne sile medu vodikovim i dušikovim atomima uzrokuju istovremenu desorpciju obje vrste pri 430 K

Interakcija H2 (D2) i kalija sa Ag(111) i Ag(110)

Adsorption and coadsorption of H2 (D2) and potassium on the single-crystal silver surfaces (111) and (110) have been studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy, work function measurements and LEED. Atomic hydrogen was used to cover the silver surfaces, since a very high activation barrier makes molecular adsorption impossible. From the Ag(111) surface hydrogen desorbs in a single peak with a close to second order reaction and a desorption energy of 29.4 kJ/mol. Hydrogen desorption from Ag(110) is characterized by two overlapping desorption peaks which are very sensitive to small amounts of water coadsorption. Upon hydrogen saturation (0.65 ML) on Ag(111), the work function increases by 240 meV. Coadsorbed potassium shifts the desorption temperature for H2 dramatically by 250 K to higher temperature on both surfaces. Simultaneous desorption of hydrogen and potassium on both silver surfaces with a ratio of 1 K-atom to 4H2 molecules indicates the formation of a potassium-hydrogen complex in the coadsorbate.Adsorpcija i koadsorpcija H2(D2) i kalija na monokristalnim (111) i (110) površinama srebra proučavane su termalnom desorpcijskom spektroskopijom, mjerenjima izlaznog rada i LEED. Sa Ag(111) površine vodik desorbira s jednim vrhom s desorpcijskom energijom 29.4 kJ/mol. Desorpcija vodika sa Ag(110) ima dva preklopljena desorpcijska vrha koji su vrlo osjetljivi na male količine adsorbirane vode. Koadsorbiran kalij pomiče desorpcijsku temperaturu naviše za 250 K na obje površine. Istovremena desorpcija vodika i kalija s obje površine srebra ukazuje na stvaranje kompleksa kalij–vodik u koadsorbatu

High throughput biofiltration for odour control at water purification plant

[Abstract] A high throughput trickling biofilter for odour control was designed basing on the principles of biotrickling filter technology developed in Moscow Bakh Institute of Biochemistry. All the necessary blocks except a fan: temperature and humidity control unit, a biofilter bed, an irrigation system, a control block and display unit are combined within one compact biofiltration module – a standard container 6000x2400x2400 mm. The plant is thermo-insulated that enables outdoor installation. The biofilter is easily scaled up by adding extra filtration beds. A typical biofiltration module rated for 5,000-10,000 m3/h has a contact time of 3-6 s (biofilter bed total volume – 10.5 m3) and a maximum footprint of 14.5 m2. After extensive pilot plant studies the first 5000 m3/h trickling biofilter easily scalable to 20000 m3/h was installed at Moscow Water Works in spring 2007 to control odour emissions - hydrogen sulfide, mercaptanes and other malodorous volatile organic compounds in up to 60 mg/m3 concentration. The performance results of the industrial biofilter are discusse

Identification of size and concentration of submicron particles on the basis of rayleigh scattering model

A method of identification of maximum size and concentration of submicron aerosol particles based on measurement of intensity attenuation of a parallel beam of probe optical radiation is described. Offered method makes it possible to determine both particle concentration and maximum particle size with controlled accuracy for aerosol media without any initial information about particle size distribution