Italy's Communist Party and People's China (50s-early 60s)

In the ’50s and early ’60s the Italian Communist Party (ICP) was one of the main actors involved in informal and unconventional diplomacy between Italy and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). In the absence of diplomatic relations between the two countries, the presence in Italy of the largest Communist party in Western Europe undoubtedly acted as an important channel for unofficial Sino-Italian exchanges. This paper tries to trace the development of ICP-CCP relations focusing in particular on the Italian Communists’ views and analysis of the CCP’s historical experience. It also would like to show that ICP leaders generally viewed the CCP’s revolutionary in a positive way, an evaluation which largely stemmed from the ICP’s own national experience and its search for a more autonomous international role

The World Federation of Democratic Youth and Bruno Bernini's encounter with Mao's China

This paper examines the role played by adult-led youth groups in providing avenues for early encounters between Italian and Chinese Communists in the '50s. In particular, it focuses on the links built up within international organisations linked to the Soviet-sponsored peace movement at a time when direct exchange between the Italian and Chinese Communist parties had yet to start. Relying on a large variety of primary and secondary sources, some of which have never been used before, I provide evidence of how participation in Soviet-led international organisations made early political contacts and interactions possible. The focus is on Bruno Bernini, whose personal experience in China is examined within the context of the World Federation of Democratic Youth's policies and initiatives in the early and mid-'50s

Electroless-deposition Synthesis of Highly Active PtRu/C and PtRuSn/C as Anode Catalysts for DEFC

应用化学镀方法,以活化-敏化处理的活性炭作载体,制备高分散催化剂PtRu/C和PtRuSn/C.XRD、TEM及电化学测试表明,该催化剂Pt、Ru、Sn形成合金.金属颗粒的平均粒径约为3 nm.PtRu/C和PtRuSn/C二者对乙醇的阳极氧化都具有良好的催化活性和稳定性.In this paper,the preparation,characterization,and ethanol electrocatalytic oxidation of Pt0.5Ru0.5/C and Pt0.5Ru0.15Sn0.35/C electrocatalysts were reported.The electroless-deposition with sensitization-activation pretreatment was applied to prepare Pt0.5Ru0.5/C and Pt0.5Ru0.15Sn0.35/C electrocatalysts. The XRD and TEM analyses showed that the as-prepared catalysts were composed of well-dispersed PtRu or PtRuSn nanoparticles with an average particle size of about 3 nm.The electrochemical measurements demonstrated that the as-prepared Pt0.5Ru0.5/C and Pt0.5Ru0.15Sn0.35/C catalysts exhibited much enhanced peak current density for ethanol electrooxidation as compared to that synthesized without pretreatment.This result revealed that the pretreatment is favorable to the dispersion,size distribution and alloy degree of the nanocatalysts on the carbon support.In particular,the peak current density of ethanol oxidation on Pt0.5Ru0.15Sn0.35/C was nearly twice larger than that of Pt0.5Ru0.5/C,indicating their potential application in DEFC with a synergic effect of Ru and Sn.作者联系地址：南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室,南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室,南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室,南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室,南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室,南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室,南开大学化学学院新能源材料化学研究所和能源材料化学天津市重点实验室 天津300071,天津300071,天津300071,天津300071,天津300071,天津300071,天津300071Author's Address: Institute of New Energy Material Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Energy Meterial Chemistry, Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,Chin

Research Progress in Carbon Coating on LiFePO4 Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

橄榄石结构的LiFePO4具有电压平台平稳、价格低廉、原料丰富和环境友好等优点，得到了人们的广泛关注. 然而，纯LiFePO4的离子和电子导电性较差，其大范围应用受限. 研究表明，对LiFePO4表面进行碳包覆可以有效提升其电化学性能. 结合国内外研究现状，本文综述了不同的碳包覆方法、碳源种类对LiFePO4电化学性能的影响，以及碳包覆提升LiFePO4正极材料电化学性能的作用机制.Olivine-structured LiFePO4 has been received much attention because of its flat voltage profile, low cost, abundant material supply and better environmental compatibility. However, the poor electronic and ionic conductivities have limited its application in industry. One of the best methods to improve the electrochemical performance is carbon coating. In this review, we summarize the recent developments of LiFePO4/C cathode. Moreover, the different effects caused by coating methods and carbon sources, as well as the mechanism of carbon coating on the properties of LiFePO4/C are reviewed.国家科技部973计划（No. 2011CB935900），国家自然科学基金项目（No. 21231005）资助和中央高校基本科研业务费资助作者联系地址：南开大学 化学学院，先进能源材料化学教育部重点实验室，天津化学化工协同创新中心，天津 300071Author's Address: Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

Facile Synthesis of Pt-Cu Alloy Nanodendrites as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

纳米材料的结构和化学成分对其催化性能的显著影响已经得到验证. 因此，本文通过一种简易的蚀刻方法，合成出具有均匀合金结构且尺寸和形貌均一的Pt-Cu纳米枝晶（NDs）作为高效氧还原（ORR）催化剂. 其树枝状形貌的形成得益于由Br-/O2氧化蚀刻剂引起的蚀刻效应. 通过改变Pt/Cu前驱体的比例可以容易地调节Pt-Cu NDs的Pt/Cu原子比，而不会使其树枝状形貌发生改变. 活性最高的碳载Pt1Cu1 NDs（Pt1Cu1 NDs/C）的面积比活性为1.17 mA·[email protected]（vs. RHE），约为商业Pt/C的5.32倍. 此外，Pt1Cu1 NDs/C还具有卓越的电化学耐久性，即使在经过加速衰减实验的12000个电势循环后仍保持其优异的ORR催化活性. Pt1Cu1 NDs/C优异的ORR催化活性和电化学耐久性得益于由其合金结构和枝晶形貌产生的电子效应和结构效应.Structures and compositions have significant effects on the catalytic properties of nanomaterials. Herein, a facile etching-based method was employed to synthesize Pt-Cu nanodendrites (NDs) with uniform and homogeneous alloy structures for enhancing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The formation of dendritic morphology was ascribed to the etching effect caused by the oxidative etchants of the Br-/O2 pair. The atomic ratio of Pt/Cu in Pt-Cu NDs could be easily tuned by altering the ratio of the Pt/Cu precursors, without deteriorating the dendritic morphology. The most active carbon-supported Pt1Cu1 NDs (Pt1Cu1 NDs/C) exhibited the area-specific activity of 1.17 mA·[email protected] V (vs. RHE), which is ~5.32 times relative to that of commercial Pt/C. Moreover, Pt1Cu1 NDs/C also possessed a remarkable electrochemical durability, preserving its superior ORR catalytic activity even after 12000 potential cycles during the accelerated degradation test. Such excellent catalytic activity and electrochemical durability of Pt1Cu1 NDs/C toward ORR were resulted from the combined electronic and structural effects, which are imparted by the Pt-Cu alloy structure and the dendritic morphology.获国家重点研发项目（No. 2016YFB0101201）和国家自然科学基金项目（No. 21533005, No. 21503134）资助This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB0101201) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21533005 and No. 21503134)作者联系地址：1. 上海交通大学动力与机械工程学院燃料电池研究所，动力机械与工程教育部重点实验室，上海 200240; 2. 上海交通大学巴黎高科卓越工程师学院，上海 200240Author's Address: 1. Institute of Fuel Cells, School of Mechanical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Power & Machinery Engineering; 2. SJTU-Paris Tech Elite Institute of Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

新疆蓝刺头中一个新的过氧环状化合物/Natural Cyclic Peroxide Echinobithiophene A with Anti-microbial from Echinops ritro L.[J]

从新疆蓝刺头中分离出一个新的含六元过氧环的二联噻吩类化合物(3R,4R,5S)-3-[(2,2′-bithiophen)-5-yl]-1,2-dioxane-4,5-diol,命名为Echinobithiophene A(1).通过2D NMR谱、旋光和 13C NMR谱等计算方法确定该化合物的绝对构型为3R,4R,5S.活性测试结果表明,该化合物对S.aureus ATCC2592,E.coli ATCC25922和C.albicans ATCC2002等3种菌株具有较强的抗菌活性,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值分别为75,37.5和75 μg/mL

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel