DAF-16/FoxO in Caenorhabditis elegans and its role in metabolic remodeling

DAF-16, the only forkhead box transcription factors class O (FoxO) homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans, integrates signals from upstream pathways to elicit transcriptional changes in many genes involved in aging, development, stress, metabolism, and immunity. The major regulator of DAF-16 activity is the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling (IIS) pathway, reduction of which leads to lifespan extension in worms, flies, mice, and humans. In C. elegans daf-2 mutants, reduced IIS leads to a heterochronic activation of a dauer survival program during adulthood. This program includes elevated antioxidant defense and a metabolic shift toward accumulation of carbohydrates (i.e., trehalose and glycogen) and triglycerides, and activation of the glyoxylate shunt, which could allow fat-to-carbohydrate conversion. The longevity of daf-2 mutants seems to be partially supported by endogenous trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide that mammals cannot synthesize, which points toward considerable differences in downstream mechanisms by which IIS regulates aging in distinct groups

Proizvodnost in stroški dela pri redčenju gorskih sestojev listavcev

Group work was researched for felling, processing, skidding and quality inspection activities in mountainous broadleaf thinning stands with approximately the same terrain and stand conditions. The stands were 55 and 70years old. In the forest communities of the mountainous beech forest with dead nettle (Lamio orvale - Fagetum sylvaticae/Ht. 1938) and the forests of the sessile oak and horn beam with beech (Epimedio - Carpinetum betuli var. Fagus sylvatica/Ht. 1938/Borth.1963), the main tree species are beech and sessile oak with the addition of other broadleaf species. Productivity was examined in two groups. The first comprised of five workers (A) and the secondof four workers (B). The first group was equipped with two tractors and three chain saws while the second used two tractors and two chain saws as wellas other necessary equipment. The effective time of the cutters spent on felling ranged from 36 to 42.9%, finishing and measurement took up 21%, while the effective time for the tractors ranged from 42.4 to 59%. The effective time per tree ranged from 3.62 to 3.77 minutes, i.e. from 8.46 min/m3 to 12.91min/m3 per unit. The daily output achieved by the Ecotrac and Torpedo tractors at a distance of 300 meters was 20.77.m3/day for group A, while the optimised output was 67.02 m3/day. The output achieved by both tractors in group B was 17.25 m3/day while the optimised output was 30.72 m3/day. The average performance per worker in group A was 4.15.m3/day while the optimised performance was 8.38 m3/day. For group B the average performance per worker was 4.31.m3/day and the optimised performance was 7.68 m3/day. The optimisation of the groups lowered the unit cost of production (300 m distance) for group A from 21.36 EUR/m3 to 6.62 EUR/m3, and for group B from 22.09 EUR/m3 to 12.41 EUR/m3.V raziskavi skupinskega dela v gozdarstvu smo se osredotočili na posek, izdelavo sortimentov, spravilo in nadzor kakovosti pri redčenju gorskih sestojev listavcev, ki rastejo na približno enakem terenu in v primerljivih sestojnih pogojih. Raziskava je bila opravljena v sestojih, starih 55 in 70 let. V gozdnih združbah gorskega bukovja z velecvetno mrtvo koprivo (Lamio orvale - Fagetum sylvaticae/Ht. 1938) in gozdovih gradna in navadnega gabra ter bukve (Epimedio - Carpinetum betuli var. Fagus sylvatica/Ht. 1938/Borth.1963), prevladujeta bukev in hrast ter druge drevesne vrste listavcev. Produktivnost smo preučevali na podlagi dela dveh skupin. Prvo skupino je sestavljalo pet delavcev (A), drugo skupino pa štirje delavci (B). Prva skupina je bila opremljena z dvema traktorjema in tremi motornimi žagami,druga skupina je uporabljala dva traktorja in dve motorni žagi ter drugo potrebno opremo. Efektivni delovni čas, ki so ga sekači porabili za posek dreves, je bil med 36 % in 42.9 %, dodelava in merjenje zavzemata 21 % časa na delovišču, traktorji pa so na delovišču efektivno delali med 42.9 in 59 %. Efektivni čas na drevo je bil od 3.62 do 3.77 minut, to je od 8.46 min/m3 do 12.91 min/m3 na enoto proizvoda. Dnevni učinek, ki so ga traktorji Ecotrac in Torpedo dosegli pri spravilni razdalji 300 metrov, je bil 20.77 m3/dan na delovišču A, optimizirani učinek pa 67.02 m3/dan. Dnevni učinek obehtraktorjev skupine B je bil 17.25 m3/dan, optimizirani učinek pa je znašal30.72 m3/dan. Povprečni doseženi učinek posameznega delavca v skupini A je bil 4.15 m3/dan, optimizirani učinek pa 8.38 m3/dan. V skupini B je povprečni delovni učinek posameznega delavca znašal 4.31 m3/dan, optimizirani učinek pa 7.68 m3/dan. Z optimizacijo skupin so se stroški proizvodnje na enoto (na razdalji 300 m) zmanjšali z 21.36 EUR/m3 na 6.62 EUR/m3 za skupino Ater z 22.09 EUR/m3 na 12.41 EUR/m3 za skupino B

THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES AT EDUCATION OF TECHNICAL FACULTIES AND FACULTIES OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS

Metafiziku, fiziku i matematiku Aristotel je, u odnosu na trodijelnu podjelu znanosti, svrstao u teorijske znanosti. Fizici i matematici ne pripada “ono vječno, nepokretno i samostalno” pa time one ne mogu preuzeti ulogu prve filozofije. Znanost ne može izaći iz sebe same da bi mogla pronaći svoje uporište. Zbog toga znanost treba filozofiju. Dakle, može se govoriti o filozofiji matematike i filozofiji prirodnih znanosti. Tehnički i prirodoslovno-matematički fakulteti na različite načine izučavaju matematiku i prirodne znanosti i to u okviru samih tih znanosti. Mišljenje o tim znanostima zahtijeva odmak iz njih i kritičko promišljanje znanosti, odnosno kritičko promišljanje zasnovanosti znanosti. Time se pravi distinkcija između znanstvenog i filozofskog mišljenja. Ta su dva mišljenja komplementarna i zajedno omogućavaju cjelovito razumijevanje znanosti. Potpuno razumjevanje matematike i prirodnih znanosti traži i filozofsko promišljanje o tim znanostima. Zato je neophodno na institucijama gdje se izučavaju ove znanosti uvesti predmet Filozofija matematike i filozofija prirodnih znanosti, što bi omogućilo cjelovitu naobrazbu onih koji izučavaju te znanosti, a što ih određuje za stvaralačko znanstveno djelovanje.Regarding three-part classification of science, Aristotel put metaphysics, physics and mathematics in theoretical sciences. “ The eternal, unmoveable and independent” does not belong to physics and mathematics, so by that they can’t take role of first philosophy. Science can’t go out from itself trying to find its base. Because of that science needs philosophy. So we can talk about a philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of natural sciences. Technical faculties and natural sciences and mathematics faculties are teaching mathematics and natural sciences in different ways, staying in frames of those sciences. The opinion about those sciences demands making from themselves, and critical thinking about science, that is about founding of science. It is made distinction by that between scientific and philosophical opinion. Those opinions are complementary and together make possible complete understanding of science. Complete understanding of mathematics and natural sciences needs philosophical thinking too. That is the reason why it is necessary to have a subject Philosophy of mathematics and natural sciences in faculties of mathematics and natural sciences. This would enable complete education for those who are learning mathematics and natural sciences, which determines their creative scientific work

POSLOVNI PLAN NA PRIMJERU RESTORANA „ SUNSHINE“ : Završni rad

Pojam poduzetništvo povezan je prije svega s pojmovima poduzetnik i poduzeće. Poduzetništvo znači sposobnost da se pokrene neka akcija radi postizanja određenog cilja uz spremnost prihvaćanja rizika. Poduzetnik je osoba koja realizira pothvat pomoću talenta, znanja, umijeća i sposobnosti. U malim poduzećima poduzetnik je i vlasnik i menadžer. Poduzetnik stalno teži novome i ne miri se s postojećim, dok menadžer realizira ideje i zamisli poduzetnika. Osnivanje novog poduzeća, nosi sa sobom i najveći rizik, iskustvo pokazuje da novo poduzeće koje kreće od nule ima manje izgleda za uspjeh od poduzeća preuzetog kupnjom, nasljeđivanjem ili franchisingom. Plan osnivanja novog poduzeća sastoji se od niza specifičnih aktivnosti, kao što su istraživanje tržišta i marketing miks, lokacija, proizvodnja i druge. Od svih ovih aktivnosti posebno je važna ona istraživanja tržišta, jer ako poduzetnik ima više saznanja o tržištu veće su mu i šanse za uspjeh. Izrazito su važne aktivnosti koje su vezane uz financijski plan s obzirom da se njime sve aktivnosti u postupku osnivanja poduzeća prevode u jezik novca. Sukladno sastavljanju biznis plana krajnji pokazatelj uspješnosti su upravo financijski pokazatelji restorana „Sunshine“ iz kojih se može vidjeti da će restoran poslovati s pozitivnim rezultatima kroz idućih 5 godina poslovanja. Ideja je nastala kao rezultat istraživanja tržišta kod kojeg smo primjetili manjak raznolike ponude jela, te manjak različitosti spremanja i pripremanja jela za goste.The concept of entrepreneurship is primarily related to the concepts of entrepreneur and enterprise. Entrepreneurship means the ability to take some action to meet a certain goal with the willingness to accept the risk. An entrepreneur is a person who realizes a venture through talent, knowledge, skills and abilities. In small businesses, the entrepreneur is also owner and manager. Entrepreneur always strives for a new one and he is not good with the existing, while the manager realizes the ideas of the entrepreneur. Creating a new company, means to take the highest risk, experience shows that a new, zero-moving company has less prospects for success than a company acquired by buying, inheriting, or franchising. The plan to set up a new business consists of a series of specific activities, such as market research and marketing mixes, locations, production and others. Of all these activities, market research is one of particular importance, because if an entrepreneur has more knowledge of the market, there is a greater likelihood of success. Significant activities related to the financial plan are extremely important since all the activities of the company's founding process are translated into the language of the money. According to the business plan, the ultimate indicator of success is the financial indicators of the „Sunshine“ restaurant, which shows that the restaurant will work with positive results over the next five years. The idea came about as a result of a market research where we have noticed a shortage of variety of dishes, and a lack of variety in cooking and preparing meals for guests

POREZ NA DOHODAK OD KAPITALA U RH : Završni rad

Porezni sustav dio je gospodarskog sustava svake zemlje. Njime se uređuje državne financije osiguravajući prihode proračuna ne samo na razini države već i za lokalne proračune. Različiti porezni nameti odraz su fiskalne i ekonomske politike zemlje te položaja u globalnoj gospodarskoj zajednici. Uz glavne i najizdašnije poreze poput poreza na promet i dohodak, oporezuju se i mnogi drugi izvori primitaka građana i poduzeća. Jedan od relativno novijih nameta i prihod proračuna jest i porez na dohodak od kapitala. Dohotkom od kapitala se smatraju svi primici po osnovi kamata, od izuzimanja imovine i korištenja usluga na teret dobiti tekućeg razdoblja, kao i kapitalni dobici, udjeli u dobiti ostvareni dodjelom ili opcijskom kupnjom vlastitih dionica, dividende i udjeli u dobiti na temelju udjela u kapitalu, a koji su ostvareni u poreznom razdoblju. Porez na dohodak od kapitala reguliran je Zakonom o porezu na dohodak. Stopa poreza na dohodak od kapitala varira ovisno o kategoriji dohotka od kapitala od 12% do 40%. Koji su učinci i koliko plaćanje ovog poreznog nameta utječe na zarade vlasnika dohotka prikazano je u nastavku rada.The tax system regulates state finances by providing budget revenues not only at state level but also local budgets. Different tax incentives reflect the fiscal and economic policies of the country and its position in the global economic community. In addition to the main and most expensive taxes, such as sales tax and income tax, many other sources of income from citizens and companies are taxed. One of the relatively recent revenues of the budget is also the tax on the income of the capital. Capital gains are considered to be all interest-rate receipts, from the exclusion of assets and the use of services to the expense of the current period, as well as capital gains, the share of profits generated by the assignment or optional purchase of own shares, dividends and share in profit on equity, which were realized in the tax period. Tax on income from capital is regulated by the Income Tax Act. What are the impacts and how much the payment of this tax has an impact on the income is shown in this papaer

The nutritional requirements of Caenorhabditis elegans

Animals require sufficient intake of a variety of nutrients to support their development, somatic maintenance and reproduction. An adequate diet provides cell building blocks, chemical energy to drive cellular processes and essential nutrients that cannot be synthesised by the animal, or at least not in the required amounts. Dietary requirements of nematodes, including Caenorhabditis elegans have been extensively studied with the major aim to develop a chemically defined axenic medium that would support their growth and reproduction. At the same time, these studies helped elucidating important aspects of nutrition-related biochemistry and metabolism as well as the establishment of C. elegans as a powerful model in studying evolutionarily conserved pathways, and the influence of the diet on health

Emulsion and ANFO explosives with addition of organic waste : master’s thesis

Mjerenjem brzine detonacije određena je detonabilnost eksploziva smanjene gustoće na bazi emulzijskog eksploziva senzibiliziranog ekspandiranim polistirenom uz dodatak organskog otpada, usitnjenog sijena. Ispitane su različite eksplozivne smjese kojima je određena radna sposobnost s ciljem nalaženja optimalnog omjera emulzijskog eksploziva i organskog otpada.Abstract: Detonability of low density explosive, based on emulsion explosive that has reduced density and that has been sensitised by adding expanded polystyrene and organic waste such as milled hay, has been determined by measuring the velocity of detonation. Different types of explosive mixtures were tested, and their work ability was determined, to find an optional ratio of low density emulsion explosive and organic waste