63 research outputs found
N-Metalated imines by reaction of 1,1-diethoxybut-2-ene with aromatic nitriles, as useful intermediates for the synthesis of substituted pyrimidines and cyclopentenones
Modelizations and Simulations of Nano Devices in nanok calculus
International audienceWe develop a process calculus - the nanok calculus - for modeling, analyzing and predicting the properties of molecular devices. The nanok calculus is equipped with a simple stochastic model, that we use to model and simulate the behavior of a molecular shuttle, a basic nano device currentfly used for building more complex systems
Undecidability of asynchronous session subtyping
Session types are used to describe communication protocols in distributed
systems and, as usual in type theories, session subtyping characterizes
substitutability of the communicating processes. We investigate the
(un)decidability of subtyping for session types in asynchronously communicating
systems. We first devise a core undecidable subtyping relation that is obtained
by imposing limitations on the structure of types. Then, as a consequence of
this initial undecidability result, we show that (differently from what stated
or conjectured in the literature) the three notions of asynchronous subtyping
defined so far for session types are all undecidable. Namely, we consider the
asynchronous session subtyping by Mostrous and Yoshida for binary sessions, the
relation by Chen et al. for binary sessions under the assumption that every
message emitted is eventually consumed, and the one by Mostrous et al. for
multiparty session types. Finally, by showing that two fragments of the core
subtyping relation are decidable, we evince that further restrictions on the
structure of types make our core subtyping relation decidable.Comment: 36 page
A Sound Algorithm for Asynchronous Session Subtyping and its Implementation
Session types, types for structuring communication between endpoints in
distributed systems, are recently being integrated into mainstream programming
languages. In practice, a very important notion for dealing with such types is
that of subtyping, since it allows for typing larger classes of system, where a
program has not precisely the expected behaviour but a similar one.
Unfortunately, recent work has shown that subtyping for session types in an
asynchronous setting is undecidable. To cope with this negative result, the
only approaches we are aware of either restrict the syntax of session types or
limit communication (by considering forms of bounded asynchrony). Both
approaches are too restrictive in practice, hence we proceed differently by
presenting an algorithm for checking subtyping which is sound, but not complete
(in some cases it terminates without returning a decisive verdict). The
algorithm is based on a tree representation of the coinductive definition of
asynchronous subtyping; this tree could be infinite, and the algorithm checks
for the presence of finite witnesses of infinite successful subtrees.
Furthermore, we provide a tool that implements our algorithm. We use this tool
to test our algorithm on many examples that cannot be managed with the previous
approaches, and to provide an empirical evaluation of the time and space cost
of the algorithm
A Sound Algorithm for Asynchronous Session Subtyping
Session types, types for structuring communication between endpoints in distributed systems, are recently being integrated into mainstream programming languages. In practice, a very important notion for dealing with such types is that of subtyping, since it allows for typing larger classes of
system, where a program has not precisely the expected behavior but a similar one. Unfortunately, recent work has shown that subtyping for session types in an asynchronous setting is undecidable. To cope with this negative result, the only approaches we are aware of either restrict the syntax
of session types or limit communication (by considering forms of bounded asynchrony). Both approaches are too restrictive in practice, hence we proceed differently by presenting an algorithm for checking subtyping which is sound, but not complete (in some cases it terminates without returning a decisive verdict). The algorithm is based on a tree representation of the coinductive definition of asynchronous subtyping; this tree could be infinite, and the algorithm checks for the presence of finite witnesses of infinite successful subtrees. Furthermore, we provide a tool that implements our algorithm and we apply it to many examples that cannot be managed with the previous approaches
On the boundary between decidability and undecidability of asynchronous session subtyping
Session types are behavioural types for guaranteeing that concurrent programs
are free from basic communication errors. Recent work has shown that
asynchronous session subtyping is undecidable. However, since session types
have become popular in mainstream programming languages in which asynchronous
communication is the norm rather than the exception, it is crucial to detect
significant decidable subtyping relations. Previous work considered extremely
restrictive fragments in which limitations were imposed to the size of
communication buffer (at most 1) or to the possibility to express multiple
choices (disallowing them completely in one of the compared types). In this
work, for the first time, we show decidability of a fragment that does not
impose any limitation on communication buffers and allows both the compared
types to include multiple choices for either input or output, thus yielding a
fragment which is more significant from an applicability viewpoint. In general,
we study the boundary between decidability and undecidability by considering
several fragments of subtyping. Notably, we show that subtyping remains
undecidable even if restricted to not using output covariance and input
contravariance
Analysis of human β-papillomavirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus infection in skin lesions and eyebrow hair bulbs from a cohort of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Risk factors and control of hospital acquired infections: a comparison between Wikipedia and scientific literature
Background: nowadays Wikipedia is one of the main on-line sources of general information. It contains several items about nosocomial infections and their prevention, together of items on virtually every scientific topic.
This study aims to assess whether Wikipedia can be considered a reliable source for professional updating, concerning Healthcare-associated Infections (HAI).
Methods: Wikipedia has been searched in order to gather items on HAI. 387 items were found with a search string. The field of research was reduced at those articles (27 items) containing exhaustive information in relation to prevention of HAI. The messages contained in those articles were than compared with the recommendations of a selected guideline (NICE 2003), completed by a literature search, with the aim of testing their reliability and exhaustivity.
Results: 15 Wiki items were found and 51 messages selected. NICE guidelines contained 119 recommendations and 52 more recommendations has been found in a further literature search. 45.1% of Wikipedia’s messages were even found in the guidelines. On this percentage, 21.6% completely agreed with the messages of the guidelines, 15.7% partially agreed, 3.9% disagreed and 3.9% showed different level of evidence in different articles. Moreover, 54.9% of Wikipedia’s messages were not included in the guidelines and 84.2% of the recommendations contained in the guidelines were not present in Wikipedia.
Conclusions: Wikipedia should not be considered as a reliable source for professional updating on HAI
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