Further Reflections on Sentences Saying of Themselves Strange Things

Milne [2005] argued that a sentence saying of itself that it does not have a truthmaker is true but does not have a truthmaker. López de Sa and Zardini [2006] worried that, by parity of reasoning, one should conclude that a sentence saying of itself that it is not both true and short is true but not short. Recently, Milne [2013] and Gołosz [2015] have replied to López de Sa and Zardini’s worry, arguing in different ways that the worry is illfounded. In this paper, I’ll address these replies and argue that they fail to dispel López de Sa and Zardini’s worry, bringing out in the process some broader points concerning the use of self-referential sentences in arguments in philosophy of logic

Truth, demonstration and knowledge: a classical solution to the paradox of knowability

After introducing semantic anti-realism and the paradox of knowability, the paper offers a reconstruction of the anti-realist argument from the theory of understanding. The proposed reconstruction validates an unrestricted principle to the effect that truth requires the existence of a certain kind of “demonstration”. The paper shows that the principle fails to imply the problematic instances of the original unrestricted knowability principle but that the overall view still has unrestricted epistemic consequences. Appealing precisely to the paradox of knowability, the paper also argues, against BHK semantics, for the non-constructive character of the demonstrations envisaged by anti-realists, and contends that, in such a setting, one of the most natural arguments in favour of a revision of classical logic loses all its force

UK Sport evolução organizacional: aspectos de governança, influência dos jogos olímpicos e paralímpicos e insights para o Brasil

Objective: This study analysed the British elite sports agency, UK Sport, offering a detailed look at governance elements and their evolution. Furthermore, some practices from the British agency are compared to actions from the Brazilian public entity SNEAR.Method: A descriptive and exploratory design was used through a case study. The data collection procedure is characterized as documental research.Relevance: There is a continuous necessity to better understand elite sports systems. From a different angle, organizations frequently shape their structure, approach, and strategies based on “competitors”. In the last 50 years, the recent sporting success of UK Sport can be understood as the most relevant regarding elite-sports. Moreover, studies involving benchmarking are still incipient in Brazil.Results: Influenced by the Olympic Games of 2012, UK Sport has rapidly evolved into a more professional organization. Its professional evolution was guided by complementary governance aspects, that is, more and better-qualified staff members, a “business-like” Board composition, a new organizational structure, transparent recruitment processes, more financial resources available, and investments being made through clear strategic goals and criteria. Additionally, the lasting administrations leading UK Sport have provided the necessary stability to implement the changes over the years.Contributions: The study presented some insights that may help SNEAR to improve its governance practices. Especially, it would be a relevant first step to publish its strategic planning, using as an example UK Sport WCP strategical focus, with no non-Olympic/Paralympic athletes and sports and fewer Olympic/Paralympic athletes and sports being financially supported.Objetivo: Este estudo analisou a agência britânica de esporte alto desempenho, UK Sport, oferecendo uma visão detalhada de elementos de governança e sua evolução. Ademais, algumas práticas da agência britânica são comparadas com ações da entidade pública brasileira SNEAR.Método: Utilizou-se um design descritivo e exploratório por meio de um estudo de caso. O procedimento de coleta de dados é caracterizado como pesquisa documental.Relevância: Há uma necessidade contínua de se entender melhor os sistemas esportivos de alto rendimento. Em outro prisma, organizações frequentemente moldam suas estruturas, abordagems e estratégias baseando-se em “concorrentes”. Nos últimos 50 anos, o recente sucesso esportivo do UK Sport pode ser entendido como o mais relevante referente a esportes de elite. Além disso, estudos envolvendo benchmarking ainda são incipientes no Brasil.Resultados: Influenciado pelos Jogos Olímpicos de 2012, a UK Sport evoluiu rapidamente se tornando uma organização mais profissional. Sua evolução profissional foi guiada por aspectos complementares de governança, ou seja, mais e melhor qualificados funcionários, uma composição de Conselho mais “empresarial”, uma nova estrutura organizacional, processos transparentes de recrutamento, mais recursos financeiros disponíveis e investimentos sendo feitos através de metas e critérios estratégicos. Ademais, as administrações duradouras que lideraram a UK Sport forneceram a estabilidade necessária para se implementar mudanças ao longo dos anos.Contribuições: O estudo apresentou algumas idéias que podem ajudar a SNEAR a melhorar suas práticas de governança. Especialmente, um primeiro passo relevante seria publicar seu planejamento estratégico, usando como exemplo o foco estratégico do WCP da UK Sport, sem atletas e esportes não-Olímpicos/Paraolímpicos e menos atletas e esportes Olímpicos/Paraolímpicos recebendo apoio financeiro

Digital analytics and high organizational performance: a fuzzy-set QCA approach

Empirical evidence and previous literature on the effect of customer analytics on organizational performance demonstrate contrasting results. The enormous expansion of digital customer-related data, which is accessible almost freely and in real time, has made this a critical issue for contemporary marketing managers. Employing fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analyses (fsQCA), this study examines which configurations of digital analytics and organizational customer-related culture, processes and capabilities drive high market performance. The evidence finds certain conditions are necessary for achieving high market performance, and other conditions constitute a path of sufficient conditions, depending on the level of environmental dynamisms

European Union Competition Law in Sports: Cases and Relevant Aspects of Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Their Importance and Influence on Sport Managers and Institutions

Recent sport professionalization demanded governmental regulation on the overall sport competition environment. This work intends to clarify and illustrate some important aspects of the European Union Competition Law that are applied to sport organizations and for managers, showing how some important cases have shaped sport practices. Specifically, the current articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) are the focus of this analysis. In brief, the Courts are now supporting their decisions about sport competition issues based not only on the TFEU, but also on the White Paper of Sport and referential cases. Above all, as a consequence of the Meca-Medina case, targeting to evaluate whether a rule adopted by a sport association infringes articles 101 and 102, a methodological approach was defined: Wouters steps (European Commission, 2007). Sports athletes, managers and institutions should assess if their entities are under the umbrella of the European Union Competition Law, taking into account the Wouters steps and the elements of the article 101 (3). Surely, any sport rule in the EU needs to observe the necessity of legitimate objectives and the proportionality of the actions in order to achieve these goals. The case-by-case Court of Justice approach of analysis was chosen as the best option, after all, general exemptions or applications could not take into consideration the specificities of the sport phenomenon. Additionally, sport managers should always foresee the effects of their rules and decisions on the sport industry, in terms of restricting or distorting competition. Recent sport professionalization demanded governmental regulation on the overall sport competition environment. This work intends to clarify and illustrate some important aspects of the European Union Competition Law that are applied to sport organizations and for managers, showing how some important cases have shaped sport practices. Specifically, the current articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) are the focus of this analysis. In brief, the Courts are now supporting their decisions about sport competition issues based not only on the TFEU, but also on the White Paper of Sport and referential cases. Above all, as a consequence of the Meca-Medina case, targeting to evaluate whether a rule adopted by a sport association infringes articles 101 and 102, a methodological approach was defined: Wouters steps (European Commission, 2007). Sports athletes, managers and institutions should assess if their entities are under the umbrella of the European Union Competition Law, taking into account the Wouters steps and the elements of the article 101 (3). Surely, any sport rule in the EU needs to observe the necessity of legitimate objectives and the proportionality of the actions in order to achieve these goals. The case-by-case Court of Justice approach of analysis was chosen as the best option, after all, general exemptions or applications could not take into consideration the specificities of the sport phenomenon. Additionally, sport managers should always foresee the effects of their rules and decisions on the sport industry, in terms of restricting or distorting competition

Business network commons and their fragilities: Emerging configurations of local organizational fields

This study introduces the concept of business network commons as valuable, fragile resources that are available for partnering firms' collective use but that also require users' engagement and collaboration to be protected and/or (re)generated. Building on the theory of commons and the literature on self-organizing networks and organizational fields, this study identifies organizational variables that shape the network's local organizational field and play a relevant role in protecting and developing business network commons. These variables are participatory architecture, organizational integration, and the presence of specific mechanisms for opportunism prevention and resolution. The fsQCA analysis suggests that specific combinations of these three organizational variables at network level enable high firm performance through the development and protection of business network commons. The boundary conditions under which different network-level organizational configurations can equifinally lead to high firm-level performance depend on the different possible levels of fragility of the business network commons at stake

A Comparative Study of the "Tasrif" Verses in the Holy Quran in Al-Mizan and Majma Al-Bayan Commentaries

The Holy Qur'an, the last divine book, has conveyed meaning in various ways. One of the Qur'anic modes of conveying meaning is the "Tasrif" method. In fact, "Tasrif" is the expression and transmission of a meaning in different ways. It is meant that Allah Almighty expresses a meaning in different ways. Understanding the method of these expressions has a great impact on a better and clearer understanding of the Holy Quran. The present study is a comparative-descriptive-analytical study that examines the verses of "Tasrif" in the Holy Quran from the perspective of two great commentary ie: Al-Mizan and Majma Al-Bayan. Ten verses of the Holy Qur'an refer to the "Tasrif" method. Including: (Al-An'am/ 46; Al-An'am/ 65; Al-An'am/ 105; Al-A'raf/ 58; Al-Isra/ 41; Al-Isra/ 89; Al-Kahf/ 54; Taha/ 113; Al-Furqan/ 50; Al-Ahqaf/ 27). By relying on these verses you can see that "tasrif" is of two kinds; in the nature (divine creature) and in the divine book. "Tasrif" in divine book is of two kindes: the etymological "tasrif" and the semantic "tasrif". These two scholars have suggested benefits for the "tasrif" style. Including: Learn from the meaning of the verses of the Qur'an, No excuse for people, To avoid false thoughts, To think, To understand the truth, To avoid sin, Thanks to divine blessings, And most importantly they worship God And finally return from disbelief

A general learning scheme for classical and quantum Ising machines

An Ising machine is any hardware specifically designed for finding the ground state of the Ising model. Relevant examples are coherent Ising machines and quantum annealers. In this paper, we propose a new machine learning model that is based on the Ising structure and can be efficiently trained using gradient descent. We provide a mathematical characterization of the training process, which is based upon optimizing a loss function whose partial derivatives are not explicitly calculated but estimated by the Ising machine itself. Moreover, we present some experimental results on the training and execution of the proposed learning model. These results point out new possibilities offered by Ising machines for different learning tasks. In particular, in the quantum realm, the quantum resources are used for both the execution and the training of the model, providing a promising perspective in quantum machine learning.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure