El efecto de la posición de partida en la salida de espalda en natación

Las salidas en natación suponen, cada vez más, un componente muy importante del tiempo final de prueba. Los problemas que plantea la investigación de la salida de espalda, debido a que parte del movimiento sucede dentro del agua y parte fuera, ha hecho que no aparezcan estudios previos que aporten luz a las dudas que plantean los entrenadores y los libros de texto sobre el tema. Uno de estos interrogantes es saber si la posición de partida de las piernas debe ser más o menos abierta (ángulos de la rodilla de 15±5º ó 90±5º). Para ello cuatro nadadores experimentados (21.5 ± 0.5 años, 59.3 ± 1.4 seg en 100m espalda y 27.2 ± 0.5 seg en 50m) fueron entrenados durante cuatro semanas en ambas salidas y efectuaron un total de tres salidas de cada, para posteriormente ser elegidas las mejores de cada uno, para cada condición del estudio. Se realizo un test de Wilcoxon para comparación de muestras relacionadas no paramétricas. En contra de lo que podía ser esperado no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los tiempos a 5, 10 y 15 metros en ninguna de ellas (p=1, p=0.8 y p=0.6), así como en velocidades del centro de gravedad en salida y entrada (p=0.095 y p= 0.145), altura del centro de gravedad (p= 0.5), o longitud del vuelo (p=0.214) entre otras. Las similitudes del movimiento con el de un salto vertical sin contramovimiento, salvando la diferencia de la gravedad, nos hacen pensar que otras variables no controladas como el ángulo de la cadera o factores coordinativos relacionados con la acción de los músculos biarticulares puedan tener una influencia mayor que la variable estudiada. No obstante, los datos no paramétricos nos hacen ser prudentes y esperar a los resultados del análisis del resto de sujetos. Por último, decir que los nadadores usaban una de las dos variables normalmente, encontrándose más cómodos con ella. Esto nos lleva a sugerir a nivel técnico el trabajo de ambas en edades tempranas para posteriormente ver cual produce los mejores resultados.Peer Reviewe

Efecto del ciclismo sobre el rendimiento de la carrera en triatletas jóvenes.

El coste metabólico (CM) de la carrera durante la segunda transición del triatlón ha sido estudiado en numerosas ocasiones, pero aún no se ha explorado este aspecto en triatletas jóvenes. Este estudio evalúa el efecto del ciclismo sobre el CM durante la simulación de una transición ciclismo-carrera de triatlón en deportistas jóvenes de élite. Seis sujetos realizaron dos pruebas en orden aleatorio: 1) Transición (T), consistente en 30 min de ciclismo a una carga correspondiente a 3,5 W·kg-1 seguidos de 3000 m de carrera a la máxima intensidad posible en una pista de 400 m (7,5 vueltas). 2) Carrera de control (C), consistente en 3000 m de carrera a la máxima intensidad posible. No se observaron diferencias (p < 0,05) entre C y T en el CM (250,46 ± 21,47 vs. 256,22 ± 17,82 mL O2·kg-1·km-1, respectivamente) ni en el consumo de oxígeno (VO2) (4238 ± 451 vs. 4220 ± 604 mL·min-1, respectivamente). Sin embargo, la marca conseguida fue significativamente mayor (p < 0,05) en T (669,2 ± 23,8 vs. 646,0 ± 15,8 s, respectivamente). Únicamente, en la primera vuelta de cada 3000 m se observaron diferencias significativas (p < 0,05) entre T y C para el CM y el VO2. Por tanto, concluimos que la prefatiga tiene un efecto negativo sobre el rendimiento de la carrera durante la segunda transición del triatlón sin afectar al CM

Efecte del ciclisme sobre el rendiment de la cursa en triatletes joves.

El cost metabòlic (CM) de la cursa durant la segona transició del triatló ha estat estudiat en nombroses ocasions, però aquest aspecte encara no s’ha explorat en triatletes joves. Aquest estudi avalua l’efecte del ciclisme sobre el CM durant la simulació d’una transició ciclisme-cursa de triatló en esportistes joves d’elit. Sis subjectes van realitzar dues proves en ordre aleatori: 1) Transició (T), consistent en 30 min de ciclisme a una càrrega corresponent a 3,5 W·kg-1 seguits de 3.000 m de cursa a la màxima intensitat possible en una pista de 400 m (7,5 voltes). 2) Cursa de control (C), consistent en 3.000 m de cursa a la màxima intensitat possible. No es van observar diferències (p < 0,05) entre C i T en el CM (250,46 ± 21,47 vs. 256,22 ± 17,82 mL O2·kg-1 · km-1, respectivament) ni en el consum d’oxigen (VO2) (4.238 ± 451 vs. 4.220 ± 604 mL·min-1, respectivament). Tanmateix, la marca aconseguida va ser significativament superior (p < 0,05) en T (669,2 ± 23,8 vs. 646,0 ± 15,8 segons, respectivament). Únicament, en la primera volta de cada 3.000 m es van observar diferències significatives (p < 0,05) entre T i C per al CM i el VO2. Per tant, concloem que la prefatiga té un efecte negatiu sobre el rendiment de la cursa durant la segona transició del triatló sense afectar el CM

Programa Escolar de Salud Cardiovascular (PESCA): de la teoría a la práctica

III Congreso de Alimentación, Nutrición y Dietética. Combinar la nutrición comunitaria y personalizada: nuevos retos

Combined body mass index and waist-to-height ratio and its association with lifestyle and health factors among Spanish children: the PASOS study

Background and Aims: The World Health Organization recommended simultaneous measurement of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and suggested joint use to predict disease risks. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of BMI and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) categories among Spanish children and adolescents, as well as their associations with several lifestyle factors. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 8–16-year-old children and adolescents (n = 3772) were included in the PASOS nationwide representative study. Children/adolescents and their mothers/female caregivers answered a questionnaire on lifestyle and health factors. Child/adolescent anthropometrics were measured. Four combined BMI-WHtR disease risk categories were built. Results: A third of participants showed combined BMI-WHtR categories with high disease risk (12.3% ‘increased risk’, 9.7% ‘high risk’, 14.3% ‘very high risk’). Participants in the ‘very high risk’ group were less likely to be females (odds ratio 0.63; 95% CI: 0.52–0.76) and adolescents (0.60; 95% CI: 0.49–0.72), to practice ≥60 min/day of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93), and to watch <120 min/day of total screen time on weekdays (0.61; 95% CI: 0.49–0.76). Mothers of participants in the ‘very high risk’ group were less likely to have a high educational level, be in the overweight or normal range, have never smoked or were former smokers, and watch <120 min/day of total screen time on weekends. Participants in the ‘increased’ and ‘high risk’ categories had mothers with normal weight and ≥60 min/day of MVPA. Participants in the ’high risk’ group did not achieve ≥60 min/day of MVPA and showed lower adherence to the mediterranean diet. Conclusions: Adherence to a healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents, but also in their mothers/female caregivers during offspring’s childhood and adolescence, is associated with low BMI-WHtR disease risk.The PASOS study was funded by Fundación PROBITAS and the Gasol Foundation. Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation, Banco Santander, IFA, Vienna and the Fundación Deporte Joven (no references are applicable). J.A.T., C.B., M.M.G., and M.d.M.B. were funded by CIBEROBN (CB12/03/30038) of the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund

Elevated hepcidin serum level in response to inflammatory and iron signals in exercising athletes is independent of moderate supplementation with vitamin C and E

Iron deficiency among endurance athletes is of major concern for coaches, physicians, and nutritionists. Recently, it has been observed that hepcidin, the master regulator of iron metabolism, was upregulated after exercise and was found to be related to interleukin-6 (IL-6) elevation. In this study performed on noniron deficient and well-trained runners, we observed that hepcidin concentrations remain elevated in response to inflammatory and iron signals despite a 28-days supplementation period with vitamins C (500 mg/day) and E (400 IU/day)

Combined Body Mass Index and Waist-To-Height Ratio and Its Association With Lifestyle and Health Factors Among Spanish Children: The PASOS Study

[Abstract] Background and Aims: The World Health Organization recommended simultaneous measurement of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and suggested joint use to predict disease risks. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of BMI and waist-toheight ratio (WHtR) categories among Spanish children and adolescents, as well as their associations with several lifestyle factors. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 8–16-year-old children and adolescents (n = 3772) were included in the PASOS nationwide representative study. Children/adolescents and their mothers/female caregivers answered a questionnaire on lifestyle and health factors. Child/adolescent anthropometrics were measured. Four combined BMI-WHtR disease risk categories were built. Results: A third of participants showed combined BMI-WHtR categories with high disease risk (12.3% ‘increased risk’, 9.7% ‘high risk’, 14.3% ‘very high risk’). Participants in the ‘very high risk’ group were less likely to be females (odds ratio 0.63; 95% CI: 0.52–0.76) and adolescents (0.60; 95% CI: 0.49–0.72), to practice _60 min/day of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) (0.73; 95% CI: 0.57–0.93), and to watch <120 min/day of total screen time on weekdays (0.61; 95% CI: 0.49–0.76). Mothers of participants in the ‘very high risk’ group were less likely to have a high educational level, be in the overweight or normal range, have never smoked or were former smokers, and watch <120 min/day of total screen time on weekends. Participants in the ‘increased’ and ‘high risk’ categories had mothers with normal weight and _60 min/day of MVPA. Participants in the ’high risk’ group did not achieve _60 min/day of MVPA and showed lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Conclusions: Adherence to a healthy lifestyle in children and adolescents, but also in their mothers/female caregivers during offspring’s childhood and adolescence, is associated with low BMI-WHtR disease risk

Independent and joined association between socioeconomic indicators and pediatric obesity in Spain: the PASOS study

Childhood obesity is a public health problem worldwide. An important determinant of child and adolescent obesity is socioeconomic status (SES). However, the magnitude of the impact of different SES indicators on pediatric obesity on the Spanish population scale is unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the association between three SES indicators and obesity in a nationwide, representative sample of Spanish children and adolescents. A total of 2791 boys and girls aged 8 to 16 years old were included. Their weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. SES was assessed using two parent/legal guardian self-reported indicators (educational level -University/non-University- and labor market status -Employed/Unemployed-). As a third SES indicator, the annual mean income per person was obtained from the census section where the participating schools were located (≥12.731€/<12.731€). The prevalence of obesity, severe obesity, and abdominal obesity was 11.5%, 1.4%, and 22.3%, respectively. Logistic regression models showed an inverse association of both education and labor market status with obesity, severe obesity, and abdominal obesity (all p < 0.001). Income was also inversely associated with obesity (p < 0.01) and abdominal obesity (p < 0.001). Finally, the highest composite SES category (University/Employed/≥12.731€ n = 517) showed a robust and inverse association with obesity (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.16–0.48), severe obesity (OR = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05–0.81), and abdominal obesity (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.23–0.54) in comparison with the lowest composite SES category (Less than University/Unemployed/<12.731€; n = 164). No significant interaction between composite SES categories and age and gender was found. SES is strongly associated with pediatric obesity in Spain.The PASOS study was funded by Fundación PROBITAS (2019) and the Gasol Foundation (2019-2020). Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation (2019-2020), Banco Santander (2019), IFA (2019-2020), Vienna (2019), and the Fundación Deporte Joven (2019) (no references are applicable). J.A.T., M.G.-G. and C.B. are funding by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038, which are co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund

Determinants of adherence to the mediterranean diet in Spanish children and adolescents: the PASOS Study

A progressive shift away from traditional healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), has been observed in recent decades. The aim of this study was to assess determinants of optimal adherence to the MedDiet in Spanish children and adolescents. A cross-sectional analysis was included in the PASOS nationwide representative study in Spain. Participants were 3607 children and adolescents; 8–16 years old. Primary and secondary outcome measures of weight and height were measured. Adherence to the MedDiet, physical activity, and sedentary behavior in children and adolescents, as well as parental physical activity and dietary habits, were assessed. Optimal adherence to the MedDiet was observed in 45.5% of primary school students and 34.8% of secondary school students (OR: 0.65; 95%CI: 0.56–0.75). Optimal adherence to the MedDiet was higher in children/adolescents meeting daily recommended moderate and vigorous physical activity (OR: 2.39, 95%CI: 1.97–2.89) and in those meeting daily recommended screen time on week-days (OR: 2.05, 95%CI: 1.77–2.38) and weekends (OR: 1.76, 95%CI: 1.48–2.10). Participants with optimal adherence to the MedDiet were more likely to have mothers with a high-level education and high-tercile of SDQS, mothers who never smoked or were former smokers, and mothers who met the recommended physical activity and screen time. It can be concluded that a low prevalence of optimal adherence to the MedDiet was found among current Spanish children and adolescents. Optimal adherence to the MedDiet was associated with reaching the recommendations on physical activity and screen time, with the highest maternal educational level, and healthier maternal life-styles.The PASOS study was funded by Fundación PROBITAS and the Gasol Foundation. Additional funds were received from the Barça Foundation, Banco Santander, IFA, Vienna and the Fundación Deporte Joven (no references are applicable). J.A.T., C.B., M.M.G., and M.M.B. were funded by CIBEROBN (CB12/03/30038) of the Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund