Actividad física durante una jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física y salud en estudiantes chilenos

Los altos índices de obesidad y el aumento del tiempo sedentario en los escolares tienen consecuencias directas en la prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles en edad adulta. El entorno escolar es una oportunidad para combatir estos factores de riesgo y la importancia de la clase de educación física es relevante. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el nivel de actividad física, gasto energético y tiempo sedentario entre una jornada con y sin clases de educación física en niños y niñas de primer ciclo básico. Es un estudio no experimental, analítico transversal con una muestra intencionada de 46 escolares de primer ciclo básico. Se midió índice de masa corporal (IMC), actividad física, gasto energético y tiempo sedentario con acelerometría en jornada escolar con y sin clase de educación física. Se utilizó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon para determinar diferencias entre las jornadas escolares (p < .05). Los resultados muestran que, durante la jornada con clases de educación física, los escolares presentaron un nivel de actividad física moderada (3.03 MET) y, en la jornada sin clases de educación física, un nivel ligero (2.32 MET). Los estudiantes en la jornada escolar con educación física tuvieron mayores niveles de actividad física moderada (Z = -4.430; p < .0001), vigorosa (Z = -5.403; p < .0001), muy vigorosa (Z = -3.940; p < .0001) y disminuyeron el tiempo sedentario (Z = -4.149; p < .0001) con respecto a la jornada sin clase de educación física. Se concluye que aun cuando durante la jornada con educación física, los escolares tienen mayor actividad física, mayor gasto energético y menor tiempo sedentario, este rendimiento resulta insuficiente de acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales para la salud

Association of Physical Fitness, Screen Time, and Sleep Hygiene According to the Waist-to-Height Ratio in Children and Adolescents from the Extreme South of Chile

Objective: To analyze the perception of physical fitness, screen time, and self-reported sleep hygiene in children and adolescents (CA) from the extreme south of Chile and its associations with waist-to-height ratio (WtHr). Material and methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 594 schoolchildren from 5th to 8th grade of primary education, belonging to municipal educational establishments in the Magallanes region, Chile. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed through the 20-m shuttle run test, muscle strength through handgrip and the standing broad jump test, physical fitness perception through the International Fitness Scale, and central obesity through the waist-to-height index. In addition, sleep hygiene and screen time were measured. Results: More than 92% of CA spent more than two hours a day watching or using screens. In addition, CA with excess central adiposity had a lower perception of physical fitness, and lower muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness compared to CA with normal values of adiposity. Conclusions: CA of the present study spent a high number of hours watching or using screens and had poor sleep quality. In addition, excessive central adiposity was associated with lower physical fitness.post-print311 K

Physical fitness, screen time and sleep habits according to obesity levels in schoolchildren: findings from the health survey of the extreme south of Chile

Obesity is a worry because it is associated with a greater burden of disease, and it has been shown to be related to the health habits and physical condition of children and adolescents. Objective: To associate physical fitness, screen time, and sleep habits with the different categories of obesity in schoolchildren from the extreme south of Chile. Methods: 583 schoolchildren were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The screen time and sleep habits were measured with the Sleep Self-Report questionnaire, while the physical fitness was assessed with the Alpha Fitness test battery. The Body Mass Index/age (BMI/age) and the Waist-to-Height ratio (WtHr) were used to define adiposity using the following categories: healthy weight/low-risk waist-to-height ratio (H/LR), healthy weight/high-risk waist-to-height ratio (H/HR), overweight/low-risk waist to height ratio (O/LR), and overweight/high-risk waist to height ratio (O/HR). Results: A considerable number of schoolchildren (23.2%) presented sleep problems, while the mean screen time was 9.3 (95% CI: 8.4; 10.1) hours/day. Schoolchildren classified as H/HR showed better physical fitness than the O/HR group but worse physical fitness than the H/LR group. Conclusions: Significant differences were evidenced in the physical fitness between the adiposity categories, which could open future lines of research concerning the characterization of the healthy weight-obese adiposity categories in children

Anxiety, low self-esteem and a low happiness index are associated with poor school performance in Chilean adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis

Objective: To analyze the relationship between anxiety, self-esteem, happiness index and primary school students’ academic performance in Chilean adolescents from the Biobío province. Methodology: 733 (46.1% girls; 12 (1.3 years)) public primary school students that completed the 2018 Health and School Performance Survey carried out in the Biobío province were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The BECK Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to measure anxiety while happiness index and self-esteem were measured using the subjective happiness scale and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, respectively. School performance was measured by grade point average (GPA) of language, math, physical education and cumulative GPA, and behavior associated with cognition in the school context was also considered. The relationship between mental health indicators and school performance was investigated using a one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: In comparison to students with low anxiety levels and high self-esteem and happiness levels, students with higher anxiety levels, lower self-esteem and happiness levels perceived themselves as having memory problems. They were also slower to solve math problems, had a shorter attention span in class and presented more difficulties in solving complex tasks, as well as being more nervous during testing. These students also got the lowest grade point average in math, language and physical education. Conclusion: High anxiety levels, low self-esteem and low happiness levels were associated with lower school performance and weaker behavior associated with cognition in Chilean adolescents. Implementing plans of emotional education and mental health could improve academic achievement

Evaluación ecológica momentánea (EMA) en el estudio de la conducta de actividad física saludable

principalmente a través de métodos e instrumentos retrospectivos cuya principal limitación es que pueden incrementar el sesgo de respuesta y memoria de los participantes. La evaluación ecológica momentánea (EMA), es una metodología que permite capturar datos de la conducta en tiempo real, entornos naturalistas y con múltiples medidas repetidas. Objetivos: El objetivo general de esta tesis es profundizar sobre la metodología EMA para el registro y monitorización de la conducta de actividad física en relación con la salud. Se objetivos específicos: 1) Revisar sistemáticamente la lhitaenra tpulraan tesaodbore d olas utilización de EMA en el ámbito de la actividad física saludable; 2) Determinar la viabilidad de un instrumento basado en metodología EMA y en tecnología mHealth para monitorizar la conducta de actividad física. Metodología: En el primer estudio se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo la declaración PRISMA. El segundo estudio corresponde a un diseño longitudinal durante siete días de la semana con estudiantes universitarios, para registrar las conductas de actividad física con metodología EMA y con tecnología mHealth, utilizando autoreportes y acelerometría. Resultados: Un total de 74 fueron elegibles para la revisión sistemática. La mayoría de los artículos estudiaron a niños, adolescentes, estudiantes universitarios y adultos y solo 3 a personas mayores. Con respecto a la duración de los estudios, 44 presentaron una duración de entre 1 y 7 días, mientras que 7 estudios duraron más de 1 mes. Sobre la cantidad de reportes, la frecuencia más común fue de 3 a 7 indicaciones por día. La mayoría de los estudios utilizaron la tecnología mHealth (51.3%), siendo los teléfonos inteligentes y los acelerómetros los más aplicados. Con respecto al estudio empírico, el perfil de gasto energético de las actividades físicas registradas a partir de la app, revelan que los estudiantes destinaron la mayor parte del tiempo a actividades de baja intensidad (81,4%). En relación a la comparación de los resultados obtenidos de la app mRSAF con una medida directa de acelerometría cuantificada a través del propio smartphone, nuestros resultados revelan una correlación significativa y positiva. Respecto a las comparaciones entre los parámetros de acelerometría en función de la intensidad de las actividades, nuestros resultados sugieren una significancia estadística para todas las variables de acelerometría estudiadas. Por lo anterior, se puede considerar que las estimaciones de intensidad baja, moderada, y vigorosa, tienen correlaciones aceptables con la medida del acelerómetro del smartphone. Conclusión: El uso de EMA para estudiar actividad física parece tener muchos beneficios, incluida la validez ecológica y la minimización del sesgo de recuerdo. Sin embargo, según nuestra revisión, los estudios informan estos procedimientos de manera heterogénea; por lo tanto, se requiere consenso metodológico en este campo. En relación al estudio empírico, se sugiere la viabilidad de la app mRSAF como instrumento que utiliza la EMA para evaluar el perfil de actividad física. El mRSAF permite obtener información cuantitativa y cualitativa que puede resultar favorable en estudios de la conducta de actividad física en población general. Finalmente, proponemos el concepto mEMA a la metodología de EMA basada en la tecnología mHealth. Este término podría extenderse cuando se utiliza la metodología EMA para evaluar otros comportamientos de estilo de vida a través de la tecnología mHealth.mainly through retrospective methods and instruments whose main limitation is that they can increase the response bias and memory of the participants. The Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a methodology that allows capturing behavior data in real time, naturalistic environments and with multiple repeated measures. Objectives: The general objective of this thesis is to deepen the EMA methodology for the recording and monitoring of physical activity behavior in relation to health. Two specific objectives have been proposed: review the literature on the use of EMA in the field of healthy ph 1y)s Sicyasl taecmtiavtiticya; l2ly) Determine the feasibility of an instrument based on EMA methodology and mHealth technology to monitor physical activity behavior. Methodology: In the first study, a systematic review of the literature following the PRISMA statement was carried out. The second study corresponds to a longitudinal design during seven days of the week with university students, to register the physical activity behaviors with EMA methodology and with mHealth technology, using selfreports and accelerometry. Results: A total of 74 were eligible for the systematic review. Most of the articles studied children, adolescents, university students and adults and only 3 to older people. With regard to the duration of the studies, 44 had a duration of between 1 and 7 days, while 7 studies lasted more than 1 month. About the number of reports, the most common frequency was 3 to 7 indications per day. Most studies used mHealth technology (51.3%), with smartphones and accelerometers being the most applied. With respect to the empirical study, the profile of energy expenditure of the physical activities recorded from the app, reveal that students spent most of their time in low intensity activities (81.4%). In relation to the comparison of the results obtained from the mRSAF app with a direct measurement of quantified accelerometry through the smartphone itself, our results reveal a significant and positive correlation. Regarding the comparisons between the parameters of accelerometry according to the intensity of the activities, our results suggest a statistical significance for all the accelerometry variables studied. Therefore, it can be considered that estimates of low, moderate, and vigorous intensity have acceptable correlations with the measurement of the smartphone's accelerometer. Conclusion: The use of EMA to study physical activity seems to have many benefits, including ecological validity and minimization of recall bias. However, according to our review, studies report these procedures heterogeneously; therefore, methodological consensus is required in this field. In relation to the empirical study, the viability of the mRSAF app is suggested as an instrument used by the EMA to evaluate the physical activity profile. The mRSAF allows obtaining quantitative and qualitative information that may be favorable in studies of physical activity behavior in the general population. Finally, we propose the mEMA concept to the EMA methodology based on mHealth technology. This term could be extended when the EMA methodology is used to evaluate other lifestyle behaviors through mHealth technology

Anxiety, Low Self-Esteem and a Low Happiness Index Are Associated with Poor School Performance in Chilean Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Objective: To analyze the relationship between anxiety, self-esteem, happiness index and primary school students’ academic performance in Chilean adolescents from the Biobío province. Methodology: 733 (46.1% girls; 12 (1.3 years)) public primary school students that completed the 2018 Health and School Performance Survey carried out in the Biobío province were included in this cross-sectional analysis. The BECK Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to measure anxiety while happiness index and self-esteem were measured using the subjective happiness scale and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, respectively. School performance was measured by grade point average (GPA) of language, math, physical education and cumulative GPA, and behavior associated with cognition in the school context was also considered. The relationship between mental health indicators and school performance was investigated using a one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation. Results: In comparison to students with low anxiety levels and high self-esteem and happiness levels, students with higher anxiety levels, lower self-esteem and happiness levels perceived themselves as having memory problems. They were also slower to solve math problems, had a shorter attention span in class and presented more difficulties in solving complex tasks, as well as being more nervous during testing. These students also got the lowest grade point average in math, language and physical education. Conclusions: High anxiety levels, low self-esteem and low happiness levels were associated with lower school performance and weaker behavior associated with cognition in Chilean adolescents. Implementing plans of emotional education and mental health could improve academic achievement

Efecto del entrenamiento polarizado sobre factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad

Tesis inédita presentada en la Universidad Europea de Madrid. Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. Programa de Doctorado en Actividad Física y DeporteIntroducción: La intensidad es una variable importante en los efectos fisiológicos del entrenamiento físico en diferentes poblaciones. Aunque el entrenamiento polarizado, optimiza y maximiza las ganancias fisiológicas en individuos altamente entrenados, sus efectos de protección en la salud cardiometabólica de población con sobrepeso y obesidad, aún no han sido establecidos. Objetivo: Comparar los efectos de 12 semanas de entrenamiento de intervalos de alta intensidad en inglés High Interval Intensity Training (HIIT), entrenamiento de resistencia continua de moderada intensidad en inglés Endurance (END) y de entrenamiento polarizado (POL), sobre factores de riesgo cardiometabólico en mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Metodología: Se evaluó la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, la utilización de sustratos corporales, la homeostasis de la glucosa, de los lípidos y la composición corporal. Se asignaron al azar a 52 mujeres con sobrepeso y obesidad (edad 23,3 ± 3,8 e índice de masa corporal 33,8 ± 3,8 kg/m2) a cuatro grupos: grupo control CTRL (n=10), grupo END (n=14), grupo HIIT (n=14), y grupo POL (n=14). Resultados: El entrenamiento POL indujo mayores mejoras en la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, la utilización de sustratos corporales, la homeostasis de la glucosa y los lípidos y la composición corporal en las mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusión: El entrenamiento basado en el modelo POL, es una estrategia de tratamiento no farmacológico eficaz para reducir factores de riesgo cardiometabólicos en mujeres jóvenes con sobrepeso y obesidad.UE

Evaluación ecológica momentánea (EMA) en el estudio de la conducta de actividad física saludable

principalmente a través de métodos e instrumentos retrospectivos cuya principal limitación es que pueden incrementar el sesgo de respuesta y memoria de los participantes. La evaluación ecológica momentánea (EMA), es una metodología que permite capturar datos de la conducta en tiempo real, entornos naturalistas y con múltiples medidas repetidas. Objetivos: El objetivo general de esta tesis es profundizar sobre la metodología EMA para el registro y monitorización de la conducta de actividad física en relación con la salud. Se objetivos específicos: 1) Revisar sistemáticamente la lhitaenra tpulraan tesaodbore d olas utilización de EMA en el ámbito de la actividad física saludable; 2) Determinar la viabilidad de un instrumento basado en metodología EMA y en tecnología mHealth para monitorizar la conducta de actividad física. Metodología: En el primer estudio se ha realizado una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo la declaración PRISMA. El segundo estudio corresponde a un diseño longitudinal durante siete días de la semana con estudiantes universitarios, para registrar las conductas de actividad física con metodología EMA y con tecnología mHealth, utilizando autoreportes y acelerometría. Resultados: Un total de 74 fueron elegibles para la revisión sistemática. La mayoría de los artículos estudiaron a niños, adolescentes, estudiantes universitarios y adultos y solo 3 a personas mayores. Con respecto a la duración de los estudios, 44 presentaron una duración de entre 1 y 7 días, mientras que 7 estudios duraron más de 1 mes. Sobre la cantidad de reportes, la frecuencia más común fue de 3 a 7 indicaciones por día. La mayoría de los estudios utilizaron la tecnología mHealth (51.3%), siendo los teléfonos inteligentes y los acelerómetros los más aplicados. Con respecto al estudio empírico, el perfil de gasto energético de las actividades físicas registradas a partir de la app, revelan que los estudiantes destinaron la mayor parte del tiempo a actividades de baja intensidad (81,4%). En relación a la comparación de los resultados obtenidos de la app mRSAF con una medida directa de acelerometría cuantificada a través del propio smartphone, nuestros resultados revelan una correlación significativa y positiva. Respecto a las comparaciones entre los parámetros de acelerometría en función de la intensidad de las actividades, nuestros resultados sugieren una significancia estadística para todas las variables de acelerometría estudiadas. Por lo anterior, se puede considerar que las estimaciones de intensidad baja, moderada, y vigorosa, tienen correlaciones aceptables con la medida del acelerómetro del smartphone. Conclusión: El uso de EMA para estudiar actividad física parece tener muchos beneficios, incluida la validez ecológica y la minimización del sesgo de recuerdo. Sin embargo, según nuestra revisión, los estudios informan estos procedimientos de manera heterogénea; por lo tanto, se requiere consenso metodológico en este campo. En relación al estudio empírico, se sugiere la viabilidad de la app mRSAF como instrumento que utiliza la EMA para evaluar el perfil de actividad física. El mRSAF permite obtener información cuantitativa y cualitativa que puede resultar favorable en estudios de la conducta de actividad física en población general. Finalmente, proponemos el concepto mEMA a la metodología de EMA basada en la tecnología mHealth. Este término podría extenderse cuando se utiliza la metodología EMA para evaluar otros comportamientos de estilo de vida a través de la tecnología mHealth.mainly through retrospective methods and instruments whose main limitation is that they can increase the response bias and memory of the participants. The Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) is a methodology that allows capturing behavior data in real time, naturalistic environments and with multiple repeated measures. Objectives: The general objective of this thesis is to deepen the EMA methodology for the recording and monitoring of physical activity behavior in relation to health. Two specific objectives have been proposed: review the literature on the use of EMA in the field of healthy ph 1y)s Sicyasl taecmtiavtiticya; l2ly) Determine the feasibility of an instrument based on EMA methodology and mHealth technology to monitor physical activity behavior. Methodology: In the first study, a systematic review of the literature following the PRISMA statement was carried out. The second study corresponds to a longitudinal design during seven days of the week with university students, to register the physical activity behaviors with EMA methodology and with mHealth technology, using selfreports and accelerometry. Results: A total of 74 were eligible for the systematic review. Most of the articles studied children, adolescents, university students and adults and only 3 to older people. With regard to the duration of the studies, 44 had a duration of between 1 and 7 days, while 7 studies lasted more than 1 month. About the number of reports, the most common frequency was 3 to 7 indications per day. Most studies used mHealth technology (51.3%), with smartphones and accelerometers being the most applied. With respect to the empirical study, the profile of energy expenditure of the physical activities recorded from the app, reveal that students spent most of their time in low intensity activities (81.4%). In relation to the comparison of the results obtained from the mRSAF app with a direct measurement of quantified accelerometry through the smartphone itself, our results reveal a significant and positive correlation. Regarding the comparisons between the parameters of accelerometry according to the intensity of the activities, our results suggest a statistical significance for all the accelerometry variables studied. Therefore, it can be considered that estimates of low, moderate, and vigorous intensity have acceptable correlations with the measurement of the smartphone's accelerometer. Conclusion: The use of EMA to study physical activity seems to have many benefits, including ecological validity and minimization of recall bias. However, according to our review, studies report these procedures heterogeneously; therefore, methodological consensus is required in this field. In relation to the empirical study, the viability of the mRSAF app is suggested as an instrument used by the EMA to evaluate the physical activity profile. The mRSAF allows obtaining quantitative and qualitative information that may be favorable in studies of physical activity behavior in the general population. Finally, we propose the mEMA concept to the EMA methodology based on mHealth technology. This term could be extended when the EMA methodology is used to evaluate other lifestyle behaviors through mHealth technology