Prevalence of body contouring surgery in post-bariatric patients at a university hospital

Introduction: The growing number of patients with massive weight loss after bariatric surgery is correlated with the demand for body contouring surgery. Such procedures reduce physical and psychological complaints, positively influencing the quality of life of these people. However, there is little data on the response of services that offer surgical treatment for morbid obesity to this need. The study aims to measure the prevalence of body contouring surgery between 2015 and 2018, in patients previously underwent on a bariatric surgery, in 2014 and 2015, at a University Hospital. Methods: Research in the hospital information system and medical records in order to assess the institutional prevalence of post-bariatric body contouring surgery. Patients who did not undergo both surgeries in our Service, those who underwent these surgical procedures in other years, as well as those with incomplete medical records were excluded. Results: Bariatric surgeries were performed in 208 patients. Of these, 11% (n=23) underwent 27 body contouring surgeries, with abdominal dermolipectomy (n=16) being the most frequently performed. The performance of more than one procedure to correct body deformity occurred in 13% (n=3) of patients. The mean age of patients undergoing body contouring surgery was 37 years, the majority was female (96%, n=22). Conclusion: Body contouring surgery is an important step in the treatment of morbid obesity and has a restorative feature. There is a huge lack of this therapy, which irreparably compromises the results obtained by bariatric surgery

Epidemiological profile of patients undergoing surgery to treat facial fractures in a university hospital

Introduction: Facial trauma presents aesthetic, social and economic relevance. Knowing its epidemiology makes it possible to formulate measures for prevention, education and systematization of care. Methods: Research through the hospital information system, looking for patients who needed to undergo surgery for face fracture between April 2015 and April 2020. Epidemiological data were then collected. Results: 141 patients were selected. The average age was 34 years, with most males (85%). The predominant etiology was motor vehicle accidents, and the most prevalent surgical fracture was orbit (67%). The median time between trauma and surgery was 18 days. Sixty patients had injuries associated with facial fractures, especially orthopedic and neurological injuries. Conclusion: The most common etiology of surgical facial fractures was a traffic accident, predominantly among men. Orbit fractures were the most surgically treated

Gastric bypass versus best medical treatment for diabetic kidney disease: 5 years follow up of a single-centre open label randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND: We compared the albuminuria-lowering effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) to best medical treatment in patients with diabetic kidney disease and obesity to determine which treatment is better. METHODS: A 5 year, open-label, single-centre, randomised trial studied patients with diabetic kidney disease and class I obesity after 1:1 randomization to best medical treatment (n = 49) or RYGB (n = 51). The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving remission of microalbuminuria after 5 years. Secondary outcomes included improvements in diabetic kidney disease, glycemic control, quality of life, and safety. For efficacy outcomes, we performed an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01821508. FINDINGS: 88% of patients (44 per arm) completed 5-year follow-up. Remission of albuminuria occurred in 59.6% (95% CI = 45.5–73.8) after best medical treatment and 69.7% (95% CI = 59.6–79.8) after RYGB (risk difference: 10%, 95% CI, −7 to 27, P = 0.25). Patients after RYGB were twice as likely to achieve an HbA1c ≤ 6.5% (60.2% versus 25.4%, risk difference, 34.9%; 95% CI = 15.8–53.9, P < 0.001). Quality of life after five years measured by the 36-Item Short Form Survey questionnaire (standardized to a 0-to-100 scale) was higher in the RYGB group than in the best medical treatment group for several domains. The mean differences were 13.5 (95% CI, 5.5–21.6, P = 0.001) for general health, 19.7 (95% CI, 9.1–30.3, P < 0.001) for pain, 6.1 (95% CI, −4.8 to 17.0, P = 0.27) for social functioning, 8.3 (95% CI, 0.23 to 16.3, P = 0.04) for emotional well-being, 12.2 (95% CI, 3.9–20.4, P = 0.004) for vitality, 16.8 (95% CI, −0.75 to 34.4, P = 0.06) for mental health, 21.8 (95% CI, 4.8–38.7, P = 0.01) for physical health and 11.1 (95% CI, 2.24–19.9, P = 0.01) for physical functioning. Serious adverse events were experienced in 7/46 (15.2%) after best medical treatment and 11/46 patients (24%) after RYGB (P = 0.80). INTERPRETATION: Albuminuria remission was not statistically different between best medical treatment and RYGB after 5 years in participants with diabetic kidney disease and class 1 obesity, with 6–7 in ten patients achieving remission of microalbuminuria (uACR <30 mg/g) in both groups. RYGB was superior in improving glycemia, diastolic blood pressure, lipids, body weight, and quality of life. FUNDING: The study was supported by research grants from Johnson & Johnson Brasil, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, and by grant 12/YI/B2480 from Science Foundation Ireland (Dr le Roux) and grant 2015-02733 from the Swedish Medical Research Council (Dr le Roux). Dr Pereira was funded by the Chevening Scholarship Programme (Foreign and Commonwealth Office, UK)

Neuroinflamação na Doença de Alzheimer: mecanismos patológicos e potenciais alvos terapêuticos

A doença de Alzheimer (DA), uma condição neurodegenerativa progressiva, está associada à neuroinflamação crônica, que desempenha um papel fundamental em sua patogênese. Neste artigo de revisão, examinamos os mecanismos patológicos da neuroinflamação na DA e exploramos os potenciais alvos terapêuticos identificados na literatura recente. As células da glia, especialmente a microglia e os astrócitos, são cruciais para a mediação da neuroinflamação na DA. Estratégias terapêuticas que buscam modulação da neuroinflamação, incluindo a imunoterapia, modulação de microglia e astrócitos, e inibidores de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, mostram grande potencial. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de tratamentos eficazes enfrenta desafios, incluindo a identificação precisa de alvos terapêuticos e a administração de medicamentos no cérebro. A compreensão dos mecanismos precisos da neuroinflamação na DA é fundamental para o avanço da pesquisa e do tratamento desta doença devastadora

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to &lt;90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], &gt;300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of &lt;15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P&lt;0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P&lt;0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Hypostomus leucophaeus Zanata & Pitanga, 2016, new species

Hypostomus leucophaeus, new species Figs. 1–3 Holotype. MZUSP 119822, 131.2 mm SL, Brazil, Bahia, Rio Real, Fazenda Pau Ferro, rio Itapicuru, around 15 Km from Rio Real, 11 ° 34 ’ 41 ’’S 38 °00’ 26 ’’W, 87 m above sea level, 14 Nov 2015, A. Zanata, R. Burger & L. Oliveira. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Bahia, rio Itapicuru basin. UFBA 2993, 9, 73.9–134.1 mm SL, Rio Real, Fazenda Pau Ferro, rio Itapicuru, around 15 km from Rio Real, 11 ° 34 ’ 34.9 ’’S 38 °01’ 24 ’’W, 87 m a.s.l, 4 Dec 2004, A. Zanata, P. Camelier & T. Sá. UFBA 3026, 9, 79.6 -136.0 mm SL, Fazenda Pau Ferro, rio Itapicuru, around 15 km from Rio Real, 5 Dec 2004, A. Zanata, P. Camelier & T. Sá. UFBA 3027, 5, 111.3 - 122.5 mm SL, Povoado Alegre, rio Itapicuru, around 10 km from Rio Real, 6 Dec 2004, A. Zanata, P. Camelier & T. Sá. UFBA 3251, 20, 48.2– 136.8 mm SL, Jacobina, rio Itapicuru-mirim at ponte Roncador, around 10 km from Jacobina, 11 ° 12 ’ 22.3 ’’S 40 ° 25 ’ 53 ’’W, 426 m a.s.l., 12 Jun 2005, A. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. Birindelli, O. Oyakawa, M. Geraldes & P. Moura. UFBA 3290, 5, 24.3–81.8 mm SL, Saúde, rio Paiaiá on roadway BA 131 between Saúde and Pindobaçú, 10 ° 53 ’ 47.5 ’’S 40 ° 24 ’ 16.2 ’’W, 449 m a.s.l., 13 Jun 2005, A. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. Birindelli, O. Oyakawa, M. Geraldes & P. Moura. UFBA 3540, 3, 61.7–107.1 mm SL, Itiúba, rio Jacurici, 10 ° 40 ’ 46.6 ’’S 39 ° 41 ’ 56.1 ’’W, 310 m a.s.l., 14 Jun 2005, A. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. Birindelli, O. Oyakawa, M. Geraldes & P. Moura. UFBA 6509, 15, 66.8–115.8 mm SL; MZUSP 90869, 8, 91.7–124.5 mm SL, Queimadas, rio Itapicuru right below Barragem Grande, 10 ° 59 ’ 18 ’’S 39 ° 40 ’ 9.1 ’’W, 271 m a.s.l., 15 Jun 2005, A. Zanata, P. Camelier, J. Birindelli, O. Oyakawa, M. Geraldes & P. Moura. UFBA 7184, 4, 66.4–96.6 mm SL, Nordestina, rio Itapicuru at dam close to Salinas do Rio, 10 ° 56 ’ 24.4 ’’S 39 ° 24 ’ 55.8 ’’W, 4 Oct 2012, R. Burger & A. Calor. UFBA 8103, 15, 66.3–132.2 mm SL, collected with holotype. UFBA 8122, 6, 109.6 – 141.8 mm SL; MZUSP 119842, 5, 101.7 – 158.2 mm SL, Conde, Fazenda Coqueiro, around 10 km from Altamira, rio Itapicuru, 11 ° 43 ’ 8.3 ’’S 37 ° 45 ’ 0.4 ’’W, 38 m a.s.l., 8 May 2016, A. Zanata, R. Burger & B. Pitanga. Diagnosis. Hypostomus leucophaeus is distinguished from most congeners by having a roughly triangular patch of platelets on ventral surface of body, posterior half of body grayish or with inconspicuous dark spots, and lower caudal-fin lobe distinctly longer than upper lobe. Hypostomus leucophaeus differs from congeners known from rivers draining Bahia State by having dark spots over a light brown or grayish background, at least on anterior half of trunk, and seven branched dorsal-fin rays and (vs. light brown or yellowish spots on a dark background and 10–11 branched dorsal-fin rays in H. chrysostiktos), one or two series of inconspicuous dark spots larger than pupil on interradial dorsal-fin membranes and caudal fin uniformly grayish or with inconspicuous dark spots (vs. two or three series of conspicuous dark spots smaller than pupil on the interradial membranes and various series of conspicuous dark spots on than caudal fin of H. brevicauda and H. wuchereri), spots on head and anterior portion of trunk inconspicuous and smaller than pupil in addition to ventral surface of body with large and triangular plated area (vs. head and trunk covered by conspicuous large dark spots ranging from half to approximately one eye diameter and ventral surface of body naked or weakly covered by platelets in H. jaguar and H. unae). Hypostomus leucophaeus further differs from other congeners occurring in rivers draining the northeastern Brazilian region to the north of Bahia State by having the ventral surface of the body with a roughly triangular patch of platelets, wider anteriorly and tapering gradually posteriorly, leaving large lateral areas naked and narrow patch of platelets reaching posterior to pelvic-fin base but not reaching anus, and absence of keels on trunk (vs. covered portions forming anterior rectangular area, continuing by narrow median longitudinal and wide area posterior to the pelvicfins insertion and presence of keels on trunk in H. carvalhoi (Miranda Ribeiro), H. jaguribensis (Fowler), H. papariae (Fowler), and H. pusarum (Starks)), and absence of dark bars on caudal fin (vs. presence in H. eptingi (Fowler) and H. nudiventris (Fowler)). From congeners known to occur in the rio São Francisco basin, Hypostomus leucophaeus further differs by having dark spots on a light brown or grayish ground color (vs. light spots against a dark background in H. alatus Castelnau and H. francisci (Lütken)), robust body and absence of predorsal keels (vs. elongate body and at least three predorsal keels in H. subcarinatus Castelnau), spots on anterior portion of trunk similar in size or slightly larger than those on head (vs. spots on trunk twice as large as those on head in H. lima (Lütken)), and anterior portion of abdomen covered by platelets, continuing posteriorly through a narrow median patch and leaving large lateral naked areas (vs. ventral surface of body completely covered by platelets in H. garmani (Regan), H. johnii (Steindachner), and H. vaillanti (Steindachner)). Hypostomus leucophaeus further differs from H. vaillanti by the absence of vermiculations on predorsal region (vs. presence) and from H. johnii by having narrow plated area posterior to pelvic-fin base (vs. presence of broad plated area posterior to pelvic-fin base) and lower number of teeth on premaxilla (21–83, mode = 60 vs. 60–110, mode 84) and dentary (23–79, mode= 62 vs. 65–115, mode = 87). Hypostomus leucophaeus further differs from H. scabriceps (Eigenmann & Eigenmann), the only congener known from coastal drainages nearby to the south of Bahia State, by having posterior portion of abdomen mostly naked (vs. completely covered by platelets), absence of keels on trunk (vs. presence), and inconspicuous spotted pattern on body and fins (vs. well defined spotted pattern on body and fins). Description. Standard length of examined specimens, 54.6 to 158.2 mm SL. Measurements in Table 1. Dorsal profile of body convex from snout tip to the occipital process, somewhat convex to straight from that point to dorsal-fin origin, straight from that point to middle of caudal peduncle and somewhat concave from end of base of adipose-fin spine to origin of dorsalmost caudal-fin rays. Ventral profile of body straight to somewhat convex from snout tip to anal-fin base, straight from that point to caudal-fin base. Body relatively depressed; greatest body width at cleithral region, progressively tapering posteriorly; width at cleithral region greater than head depth. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin, gradually tapering posteriorly to caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle robust and slightly trapezoid in cross-section, flattened ventrally. Head somewhat depressed, wide and rounded anteriorly. Head without keels. Posterior border of parietosupraoccipital with triangular process. A single plate bordering posterior margin of parieto-supraoccipital. Interorbital region straight, with lateral margins slightly elevated. Eyes relatively small, dorsolaterally situated. Dorsal flap of iris present. Mouth wide; internal surface and area anterior to dentary teeth covered by relatively small papillae. Median buccal papilla present (see Armbruster, 2003, fig. 3). Lips rounded, posterior lip not reaching transverse line between gill openings and without distinctly fringed margin. Inner surface of lips covered by papillae, except for smooth region right behind toothed portions of the dentary. Anteriormost papillae of upper lip rounded and small, followed by patch of larger and closely positioned papillae; anteriormost papillae of lower lip roundish and relatively large, followed by patch of smaller papillae; distal margins of lips with very small papillae. Papillae on lower lip slightly more spaced than on upper lip. Teeth long, bicuspid and curved inward distally; mesial cusp longer, approximately two times length of the lateral cusp and curved inward. Most specimens possess high number of elongate teeth on premaxilla and dentary, 50 or more on each ramus) overlapping each other distally; a few specimens possess low numbers of comparatively robust teeth (around 20 on each ramus), not overlapping each other distally. Premaxilla with 21–83 teeth (mode = 60) (holotype 55), dentary with 23–79 teeth (mode = 62; holotype 64). Contralateral premaxillary ramii forming relatively straight line or somewhat convex arch; contralateral dentary ramii forming concave arch facing mouth cavity. Maxillary barbel short, equal or shorter than orbital diameter. Body covered with five lateral rows of moderately spinulous dermal plates. Head completely plated dorsally, except for small naked area on snout tip that continues ventrally to margin of upper lip and small areas around nares. Ornamentation of compound pterotic usually similar to remaining surface of head. Dorsal-fin base not covered by plates. Median series of plates bearing lateral-line canals. Dorsal series of plates starting posteriorly, at vertical through dorsal-fin origin, flattened between end of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin spine. Ventral series of plates usually starting above or slightly posterior to origin of pelvic-fin base. Nineteen (1), 20 (5), 21 *(32), or 22 (3) dorsal plates; 23 (2), 24 *(37) or 25 (2) mid-dorsal plates; 24 (2), 25 (7) or 26 *(27) median plates; 25 (18), 26 *(25) or 27 (2) mid-ventral plates; 19 (1), 20 (8), 21 *(26) or 22 (6) ventral plates; 11 (1), 12 (8) or 13 *(25), or 14 (1) plates between anal and caudal fins. Three predorsal plates; seven*(19) or eight (22) plates below dorsal-fin base; five (22) or six*(19) paired plates between dorsal and adipose fins. Aligned odontodes covering most of lateral plates, forming parallel to somewhat divergent rows usually more conspicuous on posterior half of body; odontodes slightly stronger on posterior borders of plates. Absence of keels on trunk plates. Odontodes on head usually smaller than ones on trunk and not forming rows. Ventral surface of head usually with small triangular patches of platelets close to the opercular apertures in larger specimens and mostly naked in specimens around 110.0 mm SL or smaller. Degree of covering of the abdominal surface increasing ontogenetically. Middle to large-sized specimens (around 130.0 mm SL or larger) usually with a roughly triangular patch of platelets, wider anteriorly and tapering gradually posteriorly, leaving large lateral naked areas around pelvic-fin insertions; narrow median patch of platelets reaching posterior to pelvic-fin base but not reaching anus. Small specimens (around 100.0 mm SL or smaller) with abdominal surface almost or completely naked (Fig. 3). Dorsal-fin II, 7 (41), its origin situated on vertical anterior to pelvic-fin origin and approximately at mid-length of pectoral-fin spine. Tips of last dorsal-fin rays usually reaching anterior border of preadipose plate or, more rarely, the anterior border of adipose-fin spine. Margin of dorsal-fin slightly convex. Adipose-fin spine narrow, slightly curved ventrally. Pectoral-fin I, 6 (41), its posterior margin straight; distal portion of pectoral-fin spine with odontodes distinctly larger and curved, more conspicuous on larger specimens. Tip of pectoral-fin spine reaching from first third to mid-length of pelvic-fin spine. Pectoral-fin spine resting on top of pelvic-fin when adpressed. Pelvic-fin I, 5 (41), its posterior margin somewhat rounded to straight. Tip of pelvic-fin reaching first third of length of anal-fin spine. Anal-fin I, 3 (3) or I, 4 (38), its border slightly rounded and reaching fourth or fifth plate after its origin. Caudal-fin i, 12,i (1), i, 13,i(4)or i, 14,i*(34), its posterior margin concave and its lower lobe distinctly longer than upper. All fin rays covered by odontodes, larger on the spines. Thirty one vertebrae (1). Color in alcohol. Overall ground color of dorsal and lateral surface of head and body light brown or grayish (Fig. 1). Head covered with small dark inconspicuous spots, forming a somewhat reticulate pattern in some specimens; diameter of spots around half of pupil diameter. Body usually with inconspicuous dark spots, similar in size or slightly larger than those on head; spots more or exclusively visible on anterior half of trunk and posterior half of trunk usually uniformly grayish. Ground color of fins light-brown to grayish. Dorsal fin with dark spots, distinctly larger and somewhat more conspicuous than those of head and body; spots usually distributed in one series in each interradial membrane, except in some larger specimens with two series; membranes with seven or eight spots on larger specimens, and three or four spots on smaller specimens. Spots over paired fins usually somewhat smaller than those of dorsal-fin, usually one series per interradial membrane in larger specimens and two series in smaller ones. Caudal fin uniformly grayish in some specimens or with inconspicuous dark spots, usually not organized in bars. Spots over anal and adipose fins small and inconspicuous, when present. Ventral surface of head and body whitish, usually without spots except by a few specimens with inconspicuous dark spots on area between pectoral fins. Color in life. Color pattern of freshly collected specimens similar to that in preserved specimens, but with higher contrast between dark spots and light brown ground color (Fig. 2). Etymology. The specific epithet leucophaeus from the Latin, meaning ash-colored, dun. Used here in allusion to the faint spotted pattern and overall light brown to grayish body coloration of the species. Distribution. The new species is known from rio Itapicuru basin, a drainage located in the northern portion of the Bahia State, Brazil. (Fig. 4). Habitat and ecological notes. Specimens of Hypostomus leucophaeus were captured in the rio Itapicuru (Fig. 5) and its tributaries, in stretches of up to 50 m wide and 1.8 m deep, with rocky bottom, usually clear water, mild to fast water current, and at altitudes ranging from 38 to 449 meters above sea level. The headwaters of the rio Itapicuru are included in the Chapada Diamantina domain, where remnants of semi-deciduous seasonal forests and Campos Rupestre, and the lower coastal portion of the river is under humid climate and surrounded by remnants of Atlantic Forest. The remaining portions, about 80 % including upper to middle sectors of the river basin, is inserted in the semiarid domain, with severe drought periods, intermittent flow in the river and its tributaries (Mestrinho et al., 2007), and riparian vegetation dominated by pastures or areas of Caatinga. Hypostomus leucophaeus was collected mainly in the upper and lower portions of the basin. Most of the areas sampled were impacted by anthropic activities as construction of water reservoirs for cattle and human use. No congener occurs in the rio Itapicuru. Remarks. Hypostomus leucophaeus possesses overall external morphology relatively similar to the congener H. johnii, sharing the body covered by inconspicuous dark spots and the lower caudal-fin lobe distinctly longer than upper lobe. Hypostomus johnii was described from the rio Puty (Steindachner, 1877: 692; = rio Poti, Piauí, Brazil), a tributary of Rio Parnaíba and Rio Preto, the latter possibly a tributary of Rio São Francisco. Anyway, H. leucophaeus is diagnosed from H. johnii by having area posterior to pelvic-fin base devoid of platelets or with narrow median stripe of platelets not reaching anus (vs. presence of broad plated area posterior to pelvic-fin base to anus), comparatively lower number of teeth on premaxilla (see Diagnosis), and caudal fin mostly uniformly colored, without conspicuous spots (vs. presence of spots on caudal fin sometimes forming vertical bars). A recent study of the fish species distributions of the Northeastern Mata Atlântica freshwater ecoregion (NMAF ecoregion sensu Abell et al., 2008) and the fish fauna shared with adjacent ecoregions by Camelier and Zanata (2014), listed 21 species shared exclusively between the NMAF and the São Francisco ecoregion (without considering species that are widely distributed and taxonomically problematic species, such as Characidium spp., Hypostomus spp., Trichomycterus spp.). Most of the shared species occur in rivers of the northern portion of the NMAF, such as the rio Itapicuru and the rio Paraguaçu. According to the authors, of the 24 studied drainages, the rio Itapicuru basin has the greatest ichthyofaunal similarity to the rio São Francisco basin. Of the 21 species shared only between the two cited ecoregions, 13 occur in the rio Itapicuru basin and four of them occur exclusively in these two basins (Curimatella lepidura (Eigenmann & Eigenmann), Hyphessobrycon micropterus (Eigenmann), Leporinus reinhardti Lütken, and Prochilodus costatus Valenciennes), attesting to similarities at the species level between the two drainages. Although Hypostomus leucophaeus possesses similarities with congeners from rio São Francisco basin, particularly H. johnii, ongoing revisionary studies by the senior author (AMZ) reveals no shared species of Hypostomus between São Francisco basin and coastal rivers draining Bahia State. Hypostomus leucophaeus is the only species of the genus to occur in the rio Itapicuru basin and is apparently endemic to that basin. Comparative material examined. All listed specimens are from Brazil and alcohol-preserved. Hypostomus affinis: MZUSP 51716, 2, 82.9–88.8 mm SL, Espírito Santo, rio Doce; MZUSP 94029, 1, 75.4 mm SL, Minas Gerais, rio Mucuri. UFBA 5041, 1, 170.6 mm SL, Bahia, rio Mucuri. Hypostomus alatus: UFBA 7842, 1, 287.9 mm SL, Alagoas, rio São Francisco. Hypostomus brevicauda: BMNH 1864.1.19.16–17, 2 syntypes,189.0- 196.1 mm SL, Bahia. Hypostomus chrysostiktos: UFBA 4292, 6 paratypes, 109.0– 134.4 mm SL, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu basin. Hypostomus francisci: UFBA 4191, 2, 264.4 – 265.8 mm SL, Alagoas, rio São Francisco. Hypostomus jaguar: MZUSP 90870, holotype, 163.8 mm SL, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu; MZUSP 90870, 5 paratypes, 68.5–160.5 mm SL, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu; MZUSP 91653, 1 paratype, 128.1 mm SL, Bahia, rio Paraguaçu basin. Hypostomus lima: UFBA 2046, 1, 136.2 mm SL, Bahia, rio São Francisco basin. Hypostomus macrops: UFBA 6622, 3, 202.0– 288.0 mm SL, Alagoas, rio São Francisco. Hypostomus pusarum: UFBA 3824, 3, 84.2–107.9 mm SL, Rio Grande do Norte, rio Seridó. Hypostomus scabriceps: MZUSP 51752, 1, 73.2 mm SL, Espírito Santo, rio São Mateus basin. Hypostomus subcarinatus: UFBA 6360, 2, 127.8 – 161.2 mm SL, Bahia, rio São Francisco. Hypostomus unae: BMNH 1862.11. 23.12, 1 syntype, 104.7 mm SL, Bahia; UFBA 5257, 10, 113.0–183.0 mm SL, Bahia, rio das Almas; UFBA 5718, 7, 77.5 –102.0 mm SL, Bahia, rio das Almas basin; UFBA 6993, 1, 136.5 mm SL, Bahia, rio Una. Hypostomus vailanti: UFBA 6099, 6, 52.8 –120.0 mm SL, Bahia, rio São Francisco basin; UFBA 6565, 1, 185.0 mm SL, Bahia, rio São Francisco basin. Hypostomus wuchereri: BMNH 1863.3. 27.15, 1 lectotype, 203.8 mm SL, Bahia; BMNH 1852.9.13.128, 1 lectotype, 127.3 mm SL, Bahia.Published as part of Zanata, Angela M. & Pitanga, Bruno R., 2016, A new species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Itapicuru basin, Bahia State, Brazil, pp. 223-232 in Zootaxa 4137 (2) on pages 224-231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4137.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/25716

Fish oil improves anxiety-like, depressive-like and cognitive behaviors in olfactory bulbectomised rats

Depression is increasingly present in the population, and its pathophysiology and treatment have been investigated with several animal models, including olfactory bulbectomy (Obx). Fish oil (FO) supplementation during the prenatal and postnatal periods decreases depression-like and anxiety-like behaviors. the present study evaluated the effect of FO supplementation on Obx-induced depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment. Female rats received supplementation with FO during habituation, mating, gestation, and lactation, and their pups were subjected to Obx in adulthood; after the recovery period, the adult offspring were subjected to behavioral tests, and the hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), serotonin (5-HT) and the metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic (5-HIAA) were determined. Obx led to increased anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors, and impairment in the object location task. All behavioral changes were reversed by FO supplementation. Obx caused reductions in the levels of hippocampal BDNF and 5-HT, whereas FO supplementation restored these levels to normal values. in control rats, FO increased the hippocampal level of 5-HT and reduced that of 5-HIAA, indicating low 5-HT metabolism in this brain region. the present results indicate that FO supplementation during critical periods of brain development attenuated anxiety-like and depressive-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction induced by Obx. These results may be explained by increased levels of hippocampal BDNF and 5-HT, two major regulators of neuronal survival and long-term plasticity in this brain structure.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundacao Araucaria - Governo do Estado do Parana fellowshipUniv Fed Parana, Dept Fisiol, Lab Neurofisiol, BR-81531990 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Parana, Dept Patol Basica, Neurobiol Lab, BR-81531990 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Estadual Maringa, Dept Quim, Lab Quim Alimentos, Maringa, Parana, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Psicobiol, São Paulo, BrazilCNPq: 552226/2011-4Web of Scienc