El criterio para determinar la objetividad de las afirmaciones utilizado por la Sala de Defensa de la Competencia y las complicaciones en su aplicación

El presente trabajo busca desarrollar el criterio para determinar la objetividad de las afirmaciones utilizado por la Sala de Defensa de la Competencia y las complicaciones en su aplicación. Por ello, en la primera sección se hace un breve pero conciso análisis del criterio en cuestión: estaremos ante una afirmación objetiva, sujeta al principio de veracidad, cuando se cumplan alguna de estas dos condiciones:(i) que la afirmación contenga en sí misma un parámetro objetivo de comprobación; o, (ii) que se pueda comprobar su veracidad a través de la existencia de un parámetro objetivo y unívoco. Asimismo, es importante mencionar la importancia de desarrollar las figuras de actos de engaño, afirmaciones objetivas y subjetiva para realizar un profundo análisis del tema, tanto como el principio de veracidad y el deber de sustanciación previa. Finalmente, para ejemplificar la utilización de este criterio, es oportuno aterrizar en un caso concreto, tal como es la Resolución N° 0363-2014/SDCINDECOPI.Trabajo académic

Mujeres y hombres. Desigualdades de género en el contexto mexicano

Las construcciones socioculturales sobre gé - nero permean todas las esferas de la vida hu - mana generando diversas inequidades. Es necesario medirlas y proponer alternativas de solución o modificación de políticas que las atiendan. Usando una media harmónica sobre las condiciones en las que viven muje - res y hombres, se midieron atributos de once factores sociales disponibles a escala nacio - nal. Los atributos fueron jerarquizados para cuantificar el diferencial en el cual estos fac - tores se encuentran. No únicamente las mu - jeres están en condiciones de inequidad, aunque son más frecuentes y graves. Políti - cas públicas en seis factores deben atender, prioritariamente, a las mujeres y en cinco a los hombres. En cada factor identificamos los atributos más inequitativos para hacer posible la instrumentación de acciones per - tinentes. Así, el diseño de las políticas, desde la planeación, cuenta con posibilidades de actuar en congruencia con las necesidades

Time for biocide stewardship?

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Ostracods from Río Salí Formation (Upper Miocene), near to Raco, Tucumán province, Argentina

Se describe por primera vez la fauna de ostrácodos de la Formación Río Salí, del Mioceno Superior de la provincia de Tucumán. La cual está representada por cuatro especies de ostrácodos no-marinos: Darwinula stevensoni Brady y Robertson,1870; Penthesilenula incae Delacheaux, 1928; Vestalenula sp. y Candona sp. La asociación de estos taxones permite inferir que se desarrollaron en un ambiente lacustre somero, de oligo a mesohalino, de aguas claras y con baja energía de corriente, con temperaturas que se corresponderían a un clima tropical a subtropical. Estas conclusiones condicen con los caracteres litológicos de la secuencia y aportan datos más detallados sobre las condiciones paleoambientales.Are described ostracod fauna from the Río Salí Formation (Upper Miocene) for the first time from Tucumán province. This fauna is represented by four species of non-marine ostracods: Darwinula stevensoni Brady y Robertson, Penthesilenula incae Delacheaux, Vestalenula sp. and Candona sp. This assemblage would indicate a developed in oligo to mesohaline, shallow lake, with clear waters, and low energy current, under a tropical to subtropical climate. These conclusions agree with the lithological data and provide some others details of paleoenvironmental conditionsInstituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet

Ostracods from Río Salí Formation (Upper Miocene), near to Raco, Tucumán province, Argentina

Se describe por primera vez la fauna de ostrácodos de la Formación Río Salí, del Mioceno Superior de la provincia de Tucumán. La cual está representada por cuatro especies de ostrácodos no-marinos: Darwinula stevensoni Brady y Robertson,1870; Penthesilenula incae Delacheaux, 1928; Vestalenula sp. y Candona sp. La asociación de estos taxones permite inferir que se desarrollaron en un ambiente lacustre somero, de oligo a mesohalino, de aguas claras y con baja energía de corriente, con temperaturas que se corresponderían a un clima tropical a subtropical. Estas conclusiones condicen con los caracteres litológicos de la secuencia y aportan datos más detallados sobre las condiciones paleoambientales.Are described ostracod fauna from the Río Salí Formation (Upper Miocene) for the first time from Tucumán province. This fauna is represented by four species of non-marine ostracods: Darwinula stevensoni Brady y Robertson, Penthesilenula incae Delacheaux, Vestalenula sp. and Candona sp. This assemblage would indicate a developed in oligo to mesohaline, shallow lake, with clear waters, and low energy current, under a tropical to subtropical climate. These conclusions agree with the lithological data and provide some others details of paleoenvironmental conditionsInstituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet

Repeated cross-sectional study identifies differing risk factors associated with microbial contamination in common food products in the United Kingdom

All foods carry microbes, many of which are harmless, but foods can also carry pathogens and/or microbial indicators of contamination. Limited information exists on the co-occurrence of microbes of food safety concern and the factors associated with their presence. Here, a population-based repeated cross-sectional design was used to determine the prevalence and co-occurrence of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp. and Vibrio spp. in key food commodities - chicken, pork, prawns, salmon and leafy greens. Prevalence in 1369 food samples for these four target bacterial genera/species varied, while 25.6% of all samples had at least two of the target bacteria and eight different combinations of bacteria were observed as co-occurrence profiles in raw prawns. Imported frozen chicken was 6.4 times more likely to contain Salmonella than domestic chicken, and imported salmon was 5.5 times more likely to be contaminated with E. coli. Seasonality was significantly associated with E. coli and Klebsiella spp. contamination in leafy greens, with higher detection in summer and autumn. Moreover, the odds of Klebsiella spp. contamination were higher in summer in chicken and pork samples. These results provide insight on the bacterial species present on foods at retail, and identify factors associated with the presence of individual bacteria, which are highly relevant for food safety risk assessments and the design of surveillance programmes

Dynamics of extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance genes in Escherichia coli from Europe and North America

Extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) are critically important antimicrobial agents for human and veterinary medicine. ESC resistance (ESC-R) genes have spread worldwide through plasmids and clonal expansion, yet the distribution and dynamics of ESC-R genes in different ecological compartments are poorly understood. Here we use whole genome sequence data of Enterobacterales isolates of human and animal origin from Europe and North America and identify contrasting temporal dynamics. AmpC β-lactamases were initially more dominant in North America in humans and farm animals, only later emerging in Europe. In contrast, specific extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) were initially common in animals from Europe and later emerged in North America. This study identifies differences in the relative importance of plasmids and clonal expansion across different compartments for the spread of different ESC-R genes. Understanding the mechanisms of transmission will be critical in the design of interventions to reduce the spread of antimicrobial resistance

Genomic Stability of Composite SCCmec ACME and COMER-Like Genetic Elements in Staphylococcus epidermidis Correlates With Rate of Excision

NA is supported by a fellowship of the King Saud University (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). The authors thank the work of the management team of the ALICE High Performance Computing Facility at the University of Leicester. JDR is supported by the BBSRC grant BB/P504737/1. Data AvailabiliTy Statement The datasets generated for this study can be found in the GenBank (accession numbers SAMN12840193–SAMN12840250).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Planeamiento estratégico para la industria peruana de productos orgánicos de tocador

En los últimos años, la Industria de Productos de Tocador, se ha convertido en un sector estratégico para el desarrollo de la economía del país. Ésta genera un alto valor agregado y es impulsada por el creciente comercio internacional. Sin embargo, en el Perú no se puede hablar de una industria totalmente activa, específicamente por dos razones; (a) la tendencia de crecimiento que presenta la categoría de productos de cuidado personal, está compuesta, principalmente por productos importados, los cuales constituyen el 70% del mercado, y (b) la preferencia de los consumidores por los productos importados, es mucho más marcada en el segmento de productos de tocador, debido a sus mayores beneficios a precios mucho más económicos. Las grandes empresas del segmento de productos de tocador, en su mayoría son empresas trasnacionales, mientras que en el segmento de productos de limpieza, son las locales quienes comienzan a tener éxito en el mercado. Por este motivo, el presente plan estratégico debe ser considerado como una guía para impulsar a la Industria de Productos de Tocador local y alcanzar la visión planteada para el año 2027, de manera tal, que se posicione a esta industria peruana como la primera dentro de Sudamérica. El análisis realizado propone aplicar estrategias intensivas asociadas en: (a) desarrollo de mercado y producto, y (b) penetración de mercado, así como una estrategia para la integración de empresas conexas de industria, que permitan realizar alianzas con diversos proveedores. Finalmente, se propone una estrategia de integración vertical con el fin de obtener nuevas tecnologías que permita la salida de empresas locales, y que contribuya a posicionar a la Industria de Productos de Tocador Peruana, como referente dentro del ámbito internacional para el año 2027In recent years, the Toiletry Industry has become a strategic sector for the development of the country's economy. It generates high added value and is driven by a growing international commerce. Even thought, in Peru we would not speak of an active industry, specifically for two reasons: (a) the growth trend in the category of personal care products is mainly composed of imported products, which constitute 70% of the total market and (b) the preference of consumers for imported products is higher than the national toiletries, because there exist the perception that they have more benefits for low cost. As we see the market, we can identify that in the Toiletry Industry the market preferences of the customers are with Multinational Enterprises. Otherwise in the past few years, the household industry, the national products has being gain more market piece. For this reason, to guaranty the national development of the Toiletry Industry, they need a Strategic Plan that should be considered as a guide to achieve the set vision for the 2027: Become the Peruvian Toiletries Products as the first in the Industry from South America. The present analysis proposes to apply intensive strategies related in: (a) market and product development, and (b) market penetration, in order to integrate linked companies to the industry such the alliances with suppliers. Finally, a vertical integration strategy is also proposed in this document, which will help to improve new technologies for local companies in order to support and help to position them with more market share in the Toiletries Industry, in the reference of the next decadeTesi

Diversity of blaCTX-M-1-carrying plasmids recovered from Escherichia coli isolated from Canadian domestic animals

Conserved IncI1 and IncHI1 plasmids carrying blaCTX-M-1 have been found circulating in chickens and horses from continental Europe, respectively. In Canada, blaCTX-M-1 is overwhelmingly the most common blaCTX-M variant found in Escherichia coli from chicken and horses and can be recovered at lower frequencies in swine, cattle, and dogs. Wholegenome sequencing has identified a large genetic diversity of isolates carrying this variant, warranting further investigations into the plasmids carrying this gene. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe the genetic profiles of blaCTX-M-1 plasmids circulating in E. coli from Canadian domestic animals and compare them to those recovered in animals in Europe. Fifty-one blaCTX-M-1 positive E. coli isolates from chicken (n = 14), horses (racetrack horses n = 11; community horses n = 3), swine (n = 7), turkey (n = 6), dogs (n = 5), beef cattle (n = 3), and dairy cattle (n = 2) were selected for plasmid characterization. Sequences were obtained through both Illumina and Oxford Nanopore technologies. Genomes were assembled using either Unicycler hybrid assembly or Flye with polishing performed using Pilon. blaCTX-M-1 was found residing on a plasmid in 45 isolates and chromosomally located in six isolates. A conserved IncI1/ST3 plasmid was identified among chicken (n = 12), turkey (n = 4), swine (n = 6), dog (n = 2), and beef cattle (n = 2) isolates. When compared against publicly available data, these plasmids showed a high degree of similarity to those identified in isolates from poultry and swine in Europe. These results suggest that an epidemic IncI1/ ST3 plasmid similar to the one found in Europe is contributing to the spread of blaCTX-M-1 in Canada. A conserved IncHI1/FIA(HI1)/ST2 plasmid was also recovered from nearly all racetrack horse isolates (n = 10). Although IncHI1/ST2 plasmids have been reported among European horse isolates, IncHI1/ST9 plasmids appear to be more widespread. Further studies are necessary to understand the factors contributing to these plasmids' success in their respective populations