Del hijo único al segundo hijo: políticas demográficas en China y sus consecuencias sobre la población

Desde la aplicación de la política del hijo único en 1979 hasta la ya anunciada posible desaparición de cualquier mención a un número máximo de hijos en marzo de 2020, los dirigentes chinos han ido adaptando la natalidad de la población china a las supuestas necesidades de su demografía. Se analiza si la política del hijo único incidió sobre el descenso de la fecundidad en China, así como otras consecuencias que habitualmente se le atribuyen: descenso del crecimiento poblacional, envejecimiento acelerado, incremento del desequilibrio por sexo y desequilibrio del mercado matrimonial. Igualmente se intenta averiguar lo que hubiera pasado de no aplicarse esta política del hijo único. Por último, se procura valorar cuáles serían las consecuencias sobre la situación demográfica actual china de la previsible desaparición de la limitación del número máximo de hijos por pareja

Dataset of Phenology of Mediterranean high-mountain meadows flora (Sierra Nevada, Spain)

Sierra Nevada mountain range (southern Spain) hosts a high number of endemic plant species, being one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in the Mediterranean basin. The high-mountain meadow ecosystems (borreguiles) harbour a large number of endemic and threatened plant species. In this data paper, we describe a dataset of the flora inhabiting this threatened ecosystem in this Mediterranean mountain. The dataset includes occurrence data for flora collected in those ecosystems in two periods: 1988–1990 and 2009–2013. A total of 11002 records of occurrences belonging to 19 orders, 28 families 52 genera were collected. 73 taxa were recorded with 29 threatened taxa. We also included data of cover-abundance and phenology attributes for the records. The dataset is included in the Sierra Nevada Global-Change Observatory (OBSNEV), a long-term research project designed to compile socio-ecological information on the major ecosystem types in order to identify the impacts of global change in this area.This research work was conducted in the collaborative framework of the “Sierra Nevada Global Change Observatory” Project funded by the Environment Department of Andalusian Regional Government and the Sierra Nevada National Park. A. J. Pérez-Luque would like to thank the MICINN of the Government of Spain for the financial support (PTA 2011-6322-I)

Propuesta didáctica para promover el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas en estudiantes de primer año de educación secundaria de una institución educativa privada de Lima Metropolitana, Lima

El objetivo principal de este trabajo de suficiencia profesional es diseñar una propuesta didáctica enfocada en promover el desarrollo de las habilidades comunicativas en estudiantes de primer año de secundaria del área de Comunicación de una institución educativa privada de Lima Metropolitana. Este trabajo presenta tres capítulos, que están relacionados entre sí de manera coherente y cohesionada. En el capítulo I, se presenta el diagnóstico y características de la institución educativa, los objetivos y la justificación. En el capítulo II, se desarrolla la explicación de los diferentes paradigmas del aprendizaje como las de Piaget, Ausubel y Bruner que pertenecen a la teoría Cognitiva, seguidamente Vygostky y Feuerstein de la teoría Sociocultural-contextual, continuando Stemberg con la teoría Triárquica, luego Román y Diez con la teoría Tridimensional y finalizando con el paradigma Sociocognitivo-humanista. En el capítulo III, se presenta la planificación curricular en base al modelo T que consta de un plan anual, evaluación de diagnóstico, unidades de aprendizaje, redes conceptuales de contenidos, actividades de aprendizaje, fichas de trabajo, evaluaciones de proceso y de unidad. Además, agrupa el proyecto educativo que presenta las mismas herramientas que la unidad de aprendizaje. Finalmente se cierra con las conclusiones, recomendaciones y referencias.The purpose of this research paper in the field of professional proficiency is to develop a teaching approach aimed at promoting the development of communication skills in first year high school students studying communication studies at a private educational institution in the Lima metropolitan area. It consists of three chapters which are interrelated in a coherent and cohesive way. Chapter one defines the problem statement and the characteristics of the educational institution, together with the objectives and justification for the research. Chapter two develops and explains the various learning paradigms, such as those of Piaget, Ausubel and Bruner within the field of Cognitive theory, followed by Vygostky and Feuerstein's Sociocultural theory. The chapter continues with Stemberg’s Triarchic theory, followed by the Three-Dimensional theory of Román and Diez, before concluding with the Socio-Cognitive Humanist paradigm. Chapter three presents the T-shaped curriculum planning model, consisting of an annual plan and an evaluation of the problem statement. The model also includes learning units, content conceptual networks and learning activities, as well as work sheets and process and unit evaluations. The chapter also comprises the educational project, presenting the same tools as the learning unit, before closing with conclusions, recommendations and references

Hypoxia matters: comparison of external and internal training load markers during an 8‑week resistance training program in normoxia, normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia

Purpose To compare external and internal training load markers during resistance training (RT) in normoxia (N), intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and intermittent normobaric hypoxia (NH). Methods Thirty-three volunteers were assigned an 8-week RT program in either N (690 m, n = 10), HH (2320 m, n = 10), or NH (inspired fraction of oxygen = 15.9%; ~ 2320 m, n = 13). The RT program (3x/week) consisted of six exercises, with three sets of six to 12 repetitions at ~ 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with the first session of each week sed for analysis. 1RM in back squat and bench press was used to evaluate muscle strength before and after the program. External load was assessed by the volume load relative to body mass (RVL, kg·kg−1). Internal load was assessed by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). Results Smaller relative improvements were found for the back squat in the N group (11.5 ± 8.8%) when compared to the NH group (22.2 ± 8.2%, P = 0.01) and the HH group (22 ± 8.1%, P = 0.02). All groups showed similar RVL, HR responses and RPE across the program (P˃0.05). However, reduced HR recovery values, calculated as the difference between the highest HR value (HRpeak) and the resting heart rate after a two min rest, were seen in the N and NH groups across the program (P < 0.05). Conclusion It seems that 8 weeks of intermittent RT in hypoxic environments could maximize time-efficiency when aiming to improve strength levels in back squat without evoking higher levels of physiological stress. Performing RT at hypobaric hypoxia may improve the cardiorespiratory response, which in turn could speed recovery.Open access funding provided by Örebro UniversitySpanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under grant [PGC2018-097388-B-I00-MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE]Andalusian FEDER Operational Program [B-CTS-374-UGR20]FPU pre-doctoral grant [FPU18/00686

Children´s songs to learn math

La Música es un recurso para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de los contenidos matemáticos para la etapa de Educación Infantil (E.I.) y los primeros cursos de Educación Primaria (E.P.). En este estudio se ha realizado una exhaustiva búsqueda, selección y categorización de canciones que son una potente herramienta para facilitar el trabajo de los docentes en la enseñanza y aprendizaje de los contenidos matemáticos. El producto obtenido de tal investigación son 98 canciones distribuidas en 8 categorías de análisis, de acuerdo con los currículos de E.I. y E.P,que se presentan en fichas con apartados como: código de identificación, etapa y curso, categoría correspondiente, objetivos, letra y partitura, y un apartado con sugerencias y actividades para trabajar la canción en el aula. Todas las canciones están incluidas en una página web en la que se pueden consultar o descargar dichas fichas de las canciones.Music is a resource for teaching and learning mathematics contentstopre-school and the first levels of Primary Education.In this studyan exhaustive search, selection and categorization of songsis carried. It is a powerful tool to make easy the teacher´s job in the learning and education mathematics contents. The result obtained fromthis investigation are 98 songs that have been distributed in 8 categories of analysis, in agreement with curriculum of pre-schooland primary education, They are categorized in worksheets with sections such as: code of identification, period and course, corresponding category, goals, lyric and score, and a section with suggestions and activities to work the song in the classroom.Allsongsare included in a web page where theycanbe checked or downloaded.peerReviewe

Conventional to organic transition of Citrus x sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro. sp.) orchards in municipalities of northern Veracruz state

This research determined the degree of transition towards organic production and management of Valencia orange in the municipalities of northern Veracruz State. One hundred and six surveys were administered to producers grouped into four consolidated civil associations. A constructed transition index considering six variables revealed an average of 0.768. Citrus grower/institution positively correlated with intercropping (p = 0.0281) and with internal factors (p = 0.0257). Determinant factors for transition index were intercropping (p = 0.00009), and citrus grower/institution interaction (p = 0.0000). These internal and external factors together with years of conversion, averaging six years, resulted in an intermediate transition degree towards organic Valencia orange production. Municipalities of northern Veracruz State stand on varying degrees of transition towards organic agriculture. Yet, many growers still conserve some management practices not consistent with organic production. Highlights: Transition index to organic agriculture of citrus growers was 0.768. Some citrus growers with few years of organic production apply all practices as advanced or organic. Growers of northern Veracruz, Mexico are in intermediate transition degree towards organic Valencia orange production.This research determined the degree of transition towards organic production and management of Valencia orange in the municipalities of northern Veracruz State. One hundred and six surveys were administered to producers grouped into four consolidated civil associations. A constructed transition index considering six variables revealed an average of 0.768. Citrus grower/institution positively correlated with intercropping (p = 0.0281) and with internal factors (p = 0.0257). Determinant factors for transition index were intercropping (p = 0.00009), and citrus grower/institution interaction (p = 0.0000). These internal and external factors together with years of conversion, averaging six years, resulted in an intermediate transition degree towards organic Valencia orange production. Municipalities of northern Veracruz State stand on varying degrees of transition towards organic agriculture. Yet, many growers still conserve some management practices not consistent with organic production. Highlights: Transition index to organic agriculture of citrus growers was 0.768. Some citrus growers with few years of organic production apply all practices as advanced or organic. Growers of northern Veracruz, Mexico are in intermediate transition degree towards organic Valencia orange production

Synergistic enhancement of electrochemiluminescence through hybridization of α-Ge nanolayers and gold nanoparticles for highly sensitive detection of tyramine

This work presents a novel approach for detecting biogenic amine tyramine using a sensitive and disposable electrochemiluminescent sensor. The sensor is fabricated by modifying a screen-printed carbon electrode surface with two nanomaterials, α-Ge nanolayers and AuNP, which synergistically enhance the electrochemiluminescence response. The sensor was characterized using various techniques such as SEM-EDX, EIS, Raman, and AFM. The principle of the biosensor relays on the fact that tyramine molecule acts as an analyte and co-reactant, which interacts with the luminophore [Ru(bpy)3] 2+ on the sensor surface. The proposed sensor shows a linear response to tyramine concentration, with a detection limit of 2.28 µM. The sensor successfully detected tyramine in avocado samples, demonstrating its potential for practical applicationsThis work has been supported the Comunidad Autonoma ´ de Madrid (2021-5A/BIO-20943 Talent Attraction Project, SI3/PJI/2021-00341 and S2018/NMT-4349 TRANSNANOAVANSENS-CM Program) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion ´ (PID2020-116728RBI00, PDC2021-120782-C21, PID2019-106268GB-C32 and TED2021- 129738B-I00). This work has also been supported by the Spanish MINECO (PID2019-106268GB-C32, CEX2018-000805-M and PDC2021- 120782-C21). We acknowledge the support from the “(MAD2D-CM)- UAM” project funded by Comunidad de Madrid, by the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan, and by NextGenerationEU from the European Unio

Dosis diaria definida de antimicrobianos en la población neonatal

Consumo de antimicrobianos; Prescripción de antimicrobianos en neonatos; NeonatologíaAntimicrobial consumption; Neonatal antimicrobial prescription; NeonatologyConsum d'antimicrobians; Prescripció d'antimicrobians a nounats; NeonatologiaBackground Antimicrobial defined daily dose (DDD), a standardized metric to assess antimicrobial consumption in adult population, has limitations hampering its use in neonatal patients. This study proposes an alternative DDD design applicable for neonates. Methods Neonates (<1 month-old) from 6 Spanish hospitals during a 12-months period were included. Weight and weeks gestational age of each neonate were the variables collected. DDD (g) for each antimicrobial was calculated by multiplying the obtained weight times the recommended dose (mg/kg) of the antimicrobial for the most common infectious indication selected by the Delphi method. Results A total of 4820 neonates were included. Mean age was 36.72 weeks of gestational age and Mean weight was 2.687 kg. Standardized DDD (intravenous; oral route) for representative antimicrobials were: Amoxicillin (0.08; 0.08), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (0.27; 0.08), ampicillin (0.27; x), cloxacillin (0.13; 0.13), penicillin G sodium (0.12), cefazolin (0.13), cefuroxime (0.27; x), cefotaxime (0.27), ceftazidime (0.27), ceftriaxone (0.13), cefepime (0.27) piperacillin-tazobactam (0.54), aztreonam (0.24), azithromycin (0.03; 0.03), clindamycin (0.04; 0.04), amikacin (0.04), gentamicin (0.01), metronidazole (0.04; 0.08), ciprofloxacin (0.04; 0.05), levofloxacin (x;x), fluconazole (0.02; 0.02), itraconazole (0.01; 0.01), fosfomycin (0.27). Restricted antimicrobials: meropenem (0.11), teicoplanin (0.02), vancomycin (0.08; 0.11), linezolid (0.08; 0.08), daptomycin (x), amphotericin B liposomal (0.01). Conclusions A useful method for antimicrobial DDD measurement in neonatology has been designed to monitor antimicrobial consumption in hospital settings. It should be validated in further studies and thereby included in the design for neonatal antimicrobial stewardship programs in the future.Antecedentes La dosis diaria definida de antimicrobianos (DDD), un método estandarizado para evaluar el consumo de antimicrobianos en la población adulta, tiene limitaciones que dificultan su uso en la población neonatal. Este estudio propone un diseño alternativo de la DDD aplicable a los recién nacidos. Métodos Se incluyeron neonatos (< 1 mes) de 6 hospitales españoles durante un período de 12 meses. El peso y las semanas de edad gestacional de cada recién nacido fueron las variables recogidas. Las DDD (g) de cada antimicrobiano se calcularon multiplicando el peso obtenido por la dosis recomendada (mg/kg) del antimicrobiano para la indicación infecciosa más común seleccionada por el método Delphi. Resultados Se incluyeron un total de 4.820 recién nacidos. La edad media fue de 36,72 semanas de edad gestacional y el peso medio fue de 2,687 kg. La DDD estandarizado (intravenoso; oral) para antimicrobianos seleccionados fueron: amoxicilina (0,08; 0,08), amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico (0,27; 0,08), ampicilina (0,27; x), cloxacilina (0,13; 0,13), penicilina G sódica (0,12), cefazolina (0,13), cefuroxima (0,27; x), cefotaxima (0,27), ceftazidima (0,27), ceftriaxona (0,13), cefepima (0,27) piperacilina-tazobactam (0,54), aztreonam (0,24), azitromicina (0,03; 0,03) clindamicina (0,04; 0,04), amikacina (0,04), gentamicina (0,01), metronidazol (0,04; 0,08), ciprofloxacina (0,04; 0,05), levofloxacina (x; x), fluconazol (0,02; 0,02), itraconazol (0,01; 0,01), fosfomicina (0,27). Antimicrobianos restringidos: meropenem (0,11), teicoplanina (0,02), vancomicina (0,08; 0,11), linezolid (0,08; 0,08), daptomicina (x), anfotericina B liposomal (0, 01). Conclusiones Se ha diseñado un método útil para la medición de las DDD de antimicrobianos en neonatología para controlar el consumo de antimicrobianos en entornos hospitalarios. Debería validarse en estudios posteriores para incluirse en el diseño de los programas de administración de antimicrobianos neonatales en el futuro

Factores de riesgo asociados a la transmisión del virus PaV1 en langostas Panulirus argus en dos principales zonas de pesca del estado de Yucatán, México

Background: The virus Panulirus argus Virus 1 (PAV1) causes a detrimental effect on the spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804). It produces in their natural habitats a chronic-degenerative infection until producing death.&nbsp; Mexico is one of the main exporters of lobster´s tails. Thus, it is important to assess the presence of PaV1 in products intended for overseas commercialization. Goal: The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of PaV1 in lobsters from two main fishing zones in the state of Yucatan. Methods: 496 lobsters P. argus were collected from two fishing zones (327 from the Orient zone: Rio Lagartos and 169 from the Central zone: Progreso) from the Yucatan Península. A PCR specially designed to amplify a 499 bp region from the genomic DNA of PaV1 was used to screen this virus. A portion of 20 mg was collected from each organism, and a PCR that amplifies a 499 bp fragment from genomic DNA of PaV1 was used for the screening. The ?2 test and logistic regression were used to determine the differences between these variables. Conclusions: This is the first report of the virus Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) in frozen tails of sub-adults and adults spiny lobsters Panulirus argus collected from the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula intended for commercialization and exportation. The prevalence of PaV1 was higher in the Orient-Rio Lagartos zone (4.62%) than in the Central-Progreso zone (1.52%) (?2; p &lt;0.05). PaV1 could represent a high risk for mechanical dispersion of this pathogen into other countries free of PaV1 infection. &nbsp;Antecedentes: El virus Panulirus argus virus 1 (PaV1) causa en las langostas espinosas Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) una infección crónica-degenerativa y muerte. México es uno de los principales exportadores de colas de langosta, por lo que es importante conocer si el virus PaV1 se encuentra presente en estos productos que son destinados a la comercialización y exportación. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue el de utilizar la prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para conocer la presencia del virus PaV1 en colas de langostas P. argus. &nbsp;Métodos: Se colectaron 496 muestras de colas de langosta provenientes de dos zonas de pesca (169 de la zona Oriente-Rio Lagartos y 327 de la zona Centro- Progreso) de Yucatán. De cada organismo se guardaron 20 mg de tejido de la cola que fueron analizadas por un PCR simple que amplifica un fragmento de 499 pb del ADN genómico de PaV1. Se utilizó la prueba ?2 y regresión logística para determinar las diferencias entre estas variables. Conclusiones: Este es el primer reporte de la infección del virus PaV1 en colas de langostas espinosas Panulirus argus de la península de Yucatán destinadas para la comercialización y exportación. &nbsp;La prevalencia fue mayor en la zona Oriente-Rio Lagartos (4.62%) respecto a la zona Centro-Progreso (1.52%) (?2; p&lt;0.05). El transporte y la comercialización de langostas vivas o sus colas infectadas con PaV1 podría ser un factor de riesgo de propagación en áreas donde se distribuye P. argus