Ahozkoaren lanketa irakaskuntzan: testuliburu baten azterketa

Ahozko mintzajarduna, espazio berean dauden mintzakideek elkarrekin eta elkarri eraginez burutzen duten ekintza dugu. Hau, banaka edo besteekin interlokuzioan egin daiteke. Ahozkoa eta idatzia bi modalitate ezberdin bezala irudikatu izan dira historian zehar, landugabetzat jo da lehena eta formalagotzat bigarrena. Adituek ikusi dutenez ordea, maila enuntziatibo eta linguistikoan, oso hurbil daude biak. Eta pentsatu izan denaren kontra, ahozkoak, idatzizkoak bezala, hainbat genero barnehartzen ditu. Kontu jakina da, luzaroan, irakaskuntzaren arloan, idatzia izan dela irakasgai garrantzitsuena eta ahozkoak alboratutako leku bat hartu izan duela. Ahozkoa landu den kasuetan gainera, ulermena landu da gehienetan eta ekoizpenaren lanketak bazterturik iraun du. Gaur egun, ahozkoa, zapaldu edo alboratutako bazter horretatik ateratzen saiatzeko hainbat aldarri egin dira, irakasle, aditu eta insitituzioen aldetik. Curriculum Dekretu berrian (Eusko Jaurlaritza, 2007), esaterako, hizkuntza irakasteko metodologia komunikazio-proiektu esanguratsuetan oinarriturik landu behar dela eta testu-genero ezberdinak komunikazio-unitate nagusi izango direla esan da. Gainera, irakaskuntza Sekuentzia Didaktikoetan antolatu behar dela ere aipatzen da bertan. Testuen gainean oinarritutako irakaskuntzaren aldeko aldarria, hauek komunikazio egoerekin duten loturagatik egin da. Testu-generoetan oinarritutako irakaskuntzan, generoen taldekatzeak lana aurrezteaz gain, erreferentziazko gizarte praktikak aintzat hartzea ahalbidetzen baita. Genevako Unibertsitateko adituek proposatzen dituzten Sekuentzia Didaktikoak eredutzat hartzeak hainbat onura dakarzkio irakaskuntzari, ahozkoaren lanketa osoago eta ebaluagarri bat egitea eskaintzen baitu. Lan honetan, aditu hauek proposatzen duten Sekuentzia Didaktiko hori zer den eta nola lantzen den deskribatuko da. Honez gain, ahozkoa lantzeko Sekuentzia Didaktiko baten adibidearen aurkezpena egingo da, teorian azaldutakoa hobeto ulertarazteko asmoz. Lan honen gaia testuratu ondoren eta ahozkoak gaur egun praktikan duen lekua ikuste aldera, Egizu 3 DBH Euskara eta Literatura liburuan ahozko testu-generoak nola lantzen diren aztertu da lanean. Ahozkoaren lanketa egungo ikastetxeetan nola lantzen den ikusteko. Azterketa horretarako ordea, liburuan aztertzen diren testu-genero guztien azterketa egiteko tarterik ez dudanez, eta ahozko testu-generoen bereizketarako erabiltzen den monologal/dialogal banaketa tradizionalari heldurik, liburuan ahozko genero monologalen lanketa nola egiten den aztertu dut: ahozko azalpena, ahoz zabalduriko ipuinak eta deklamazioa generoen lanketan arreta berezia jarriz. Genero hauek aipatu testuliburuan nola lantzen diren ikusteko, genero bakoitzaren definizioa egin ondotik, banan-banan liburuan ematen zaien lanketaren deskribapena egin da. Deskribapen honen bidez, liburuan hiru generoak lantzeko metodologia eta ariketen antzekotasuna ikusirik, genero bakar baten azterketa sakonagoa egin dut. Baten azterketak, beste bi generoen hutsune eta indarguneak argitara eramateko ere balioko zidala iruditu baitzait. Hiru generoen artean, ahozko azalpena aukeratu dut horretarako, gehien landutako generoa izanik, azterketa egokiagoa egitea ahalbidetu ziezadakeela deliberatu baitut. Ahozko azalpen generoa lantzeko dagozkion ariketak banaka azterturik, hainbat ondoriotara iritsi naiz, aztergai dudan liburuan ahozko generoaren lanketa egiteko saiakera badagoela ikusi dut, baita testu-generoetan oinarrituriko irakaskuntza proposamen saio bat ere. Hala ere, liburuan ez zaio ahozkoari idatzizkoak duen estatusa ematen eta azken honen menpe dagoela ikus daiteke, lanean zehar emango ditudan adibideek argi erakutsiko duten bezala

Estudio multicéntrico, valoración de eficacia y aceptabilidad de la crema Flexital®

El tratamiento de la xerosis se basa en el uso repetido de humectantes para hidratar la piel, para mantener el contenido de agua en la misma. La piel de la planta del pie es la más gruesa del cuerpo y soporta altos niveles de compresión, fricción y cizallamiento por ello debe ser flexible y estar bien hidratada. Si la piel se seca pierde sus propiedades de elasticidad, facilitando el que se fisure provo-cando dolor y siendo puerta de entrada para las infecciones. Este artículo describe un estudio clínico multicéntrico a doble ciego para comparar la eficacia de la crema Flexital ® y un placebo. La metodología que se siguió durante el estudio fue la aplicación de una crema en cada pie dos veces al día durante tres semanas. Los resultados mostraron que el uso regular de la crema Flexital® tuvo un efecto hidratante significativo superior al de la crema placebo

El ensayo de micronúcleos como medida de inestabilidad genética inducida por agentes genotóxicos

Human genetic integrity is compromised by the intense industrial activity, which emphasizes the importance to determine an "acceptable" genetic damage level and to carry out routine genotoxicity assays in the populations at risk. Micronuclei are cytoplasmatic bodies of nuclear origin which correspond to genetic material that is not correctly incorporated in the daughter cells in the cellular division; they reflect the existence of chromosomal aberrations and are originated by chromosomal breaks, replication errors followed by cellular division of the DNA and/or exposure to genotoxic agents. There are several factors able to modify the number of micronuclei present in a given cell, among them are age, gender, vitamins, medical treatments, daily exposure to genotoxic agents, etc. The cytogenetic assay for the detection of micronuclei (CBMN: cytokinesis-block micronucleus) is based on the use of a chemical agent, cytochalasin-B, which is able to block cytocinesis but allowing the nuclear division, therefore yielding binucleated and monodivided cells. The micronuclei scoring is performed on 1000 binucleated cells and the starting sample may vary, although most studies are performed on peripheral blood lymphocytes. The micronuclei assay is considered a practical, universally validated and technically feasible protocol which is useful to evaluate the genetic instability induced by genotoxic agent

Newfoundland English

32 p. : il.-- Bibliogr.: p. 30-32The English language has undergone many variations, leaving uncountable dialects in every nook and cranny of the world. Located at the north-east of Canada, the island of Newfoundland presents one of those dialects. However, within the many varieties the English language features, Newfoundland English (NE) remains as one of the less researched dialects in North America. The aim of this paper is to provide a characterisation of NE. In order to do so, this paper focuses on research questions on the origins of the dialect, potential variation within NE, the languages it has been in contact with, its particular linguistic features and the role of linguistic distinction in the Newfoundlander identity. Thus, in this paper I firstly assess the origins of NE, which are documented to mainly derive from West Country, England, and south-eastern Ireland, and I also provide an overview of the main historical events that have influenced the language. Secondly, I show the linguistic variation NE features, thus displaying the multiple dialectal areas that are found in the island. Furthermore, I discuss the different languages that have been in contact with the variety, namely, Irish Gaelic and Micmac, among others. Thirdly, I present a variety of linguistic features of NE -both phonetic and morphosyntactic- that distinguish the dialect from the rest of North American varieties, including Canadian English. Finally, I tackle the issue of language and identity and uncover a number of innovations and purposeful uses of certain features that the islanders show in their speech for the sake of identity marking. I conclude this overview of the variety of English spoken in Newfoundland by revisiting some of the aspects that are still pending of further research if we are to understand both this minority variety and its sociolinguistic situation better. Among these pending issues, I mention that the role of language contact in the formation of NE is yet to be investigated, and the differences between the dialectal areas of the island are also to be further documented. Additionally, future research could focus on the changes NE has undergone -or is most likely to undergo- with the territory’s newfound role as a tourist destination

Tratamiento de la hiperhidrosis plantar con toxina butolínica tipo A

El problema de hiperhidrosis afecta al 0,5% de la población, y puede causar considerable estrés emocional, dificultando en ocasiones la vida personal, laboral y social del paciente, llevándole, por ejemplo, a evitar un acto como dar la mano o quitarse los zapatos en público. Por otra parte, el excesivo sudor puede ocasionar maceración cutánea, acrocianosis, queratoderma e incluso deshidratación. La forma más frecuente de hiperhidrosis es la idiopática y en el 60% de los casos afecta a palmas y plantas de los pies. En este artículo presentamos la aplicación del tratamiento con la toxina butolínica tipo A

Newfoundland English

32 p. : il.-- Bibliogr.: p. 30-32The English language has undergone many variations, leaving uncountable dialects in every nook and cranny of the world. Located at the north-east of Canada, the island of Newfoundland presents one of those dialects. However, within the many varieties the English language features, Newfoundland English (NE) remains as one of the less researched dialects in North America. The aim of this paper is to provide a characterisation of NE. In order to do so, this paper focuses on research questions on the origins of the dialect, potential variation within NE, the languages it has been in contact with, its particular linguistic features and the role of linguistic distinction in the Newfoundlander identity. Thus, in this paper I firstly assess the origins of NE, which are documented to mainly derive from West Country, England, and south-eastern Ireland, and I also provide an overview of the main historical events that have influenced the language. Secondly, I show the linguistic variation NE features, thus displaying the multiple dialectal areas that are found in the island. Furthermore, I discuss the different languages that have been in contact with the variety, namely, Irish Gaelic and Micmac, among others. Thirdly, I present a variety of linguistic features of NE -both phonetic and morphosyntactic- that distinguish the dialect from the rest of North American varieties, including Canadian English. Finally, I tackle the issue of language and identity and uncover a number of innovations and purposeful uses of certain features that the islanders show in their speech for the sake of identity marking. I conclude this overview of the variety of English spoken in Newfoundland by revisiting some of the aspects that are still pending of further research if we are to understand both this minority variety and its sociolinguistic situation better. Among these pending issues, I mention that the role of language contact in the formation of NE is yet to be investigated, and the differences between the dialectal areas of the island are also to be further documented. Additionally, future research could focus on the changes NE has undergone -or is most likely to undergo- with the territory’s newfound role as a tourist destination

Identidad y sociedad a fines de la Edad Media: el ejemplo de Tenerife

Identity is one of the latest analysis in social relations in the Middle Ages. In the article we try to go more deeply into that kind of studies in Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands. We study some examples at de time of the conquest by Castilla, in the transit between 15th and 16th centuries.La identidad es uno de los aspectos relacionales de las sociedades del pasado que están siendo profusamente analizadas en los últimos años. Este artículo profundiza en algunos ejemplos concretos de relaciones basadas en supuesto identitarios diferentes a los que han sido utilizados tradicionalmente por la historiografía, en un intento de complementar las visiones de la sociedad medieval que tenemos en la actualidad. Los ejemplos se refieren a la isla de Tenerife en los momentos inmediatamente posteriores a su incorporación a la Corona castellana